标题: 关于黑白冲洗药物的一些细节问题 [打印本页] 作者: wodeyaoshuyu 时间: 2019-10-22 22:50 标题: 关于黑白冲洗药物的一些细节问题 关于黑白冲洗,网上教程已经很多了。但是一些关键细节没有,现在请教各位老师,万望解答。
1.关于网上普遍的D76显影液配方,按照这个配方配好的药是直接用,还是要稀释?如果要稀释,如何稀释?
2.搜遍全网,只有显影液的配方,却没有停影液和定影液的配方,请详细告知D76工艺中的停影液及定影液配方
以上两点,请详细解答,谢谢作者: cndby 时间: 2019-10-25 20:11
神药d76。可以原液冲洗,也可以1:1冲洗。但是配置d-76最好用蒸馏水配置,夏天可以1:1冲洗 药温好克制一点,原液和1:1冲洗的冲洗时间不同 1:1 要延长一些,具体的显影时间跟使用相机 天气反差 不同而改变(也就是区域曝光显影),停显,定影本论坛有 细心找吧作者: 副机 时间: 2019-11-1 17:53
原液和稀释后的都可以用,只是出片效果不同,可以做实验对比。停显,我使用自来水,毕竟我要求不高。作者: nixingzhong 时间: 2019-12-1 21:53 作者: cndby 时间: 2019-12-28 08:34
菲尼酮与抗坏血酸的协同作用<div><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="The synergism between two developing agents, also known as superadditivity, is often illustrated graphically by a curve with a defmite peak showing some kind of optimum ratio of one agent to the other. This peak can be misleading because it shows how developer activity changes as one agent increases while the other decreases. We really should examine the change of activity due to change of one of the agents while the other is held constant." newtip="这两种显影剂之间的协同作用,也称为超可加性,通常用一条曲线来图示,曲线显示出一种显影剂与另一种显影剂的最佳配比。这个峰值可能会引起误解,因为它显示了开发人员活动如何随着一个代理的增加而另一个代理的减少而发生变化。我们真的应该检查活动的变化,因为其中一个因素的变化,而另一个是不变的。">The synergism between two developing agents, also known as superadditivity, is often illustrated graphically by a curve with a defmite peak showing some kind of optimum ratio of one agent to the other. This peak can be misleading because it shows how developer activity changes as one agent increases while the other decreases. We really should examine the change of activity due to change of one of the agents while the other is held constant.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In phenidone-ascorbate developers I have used 40 parts by weight of ascorbic acid to one of phenidone as the ratio that gives the minimum phenidone to activate a given weight of ascorbic acid. I arrived at that number by noting that the usually quoted optimum ratio of Metol to hydroquinone is 1:4, and that when substituting phenidone for Metol, one should use 1/10 as much phenidone as Metol." newtip="在抗坏血酸的开发人员中,我用了40份抗坏血酸和一份菲那酮作为比例,给出了最小的菲那酮来激活一定重量的抗坏血酸。我得出这个数字时注意到,通常所引用的Metol与氢醌的最佳比例是1:4,当用非那酮代替Metol时,应该使用1/10倍于Metol的苯尼酮。">In phenidone-ascorbate developers I have used 40 parts by weight of ascorbic acid to one of phenidone as the ratio that gives the minimum phenidone to activate a given weight of ascorbic acid. I arrived at that number by noting that the usually quoted optimum ratio of Metol to hydroquinone is 1:4, and that when substituting phenidone for Metol, one should use 1/10 as much phenidone as Metol.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="That is not a very scientific approach to the problem. I have been using ascorbic acid to replace hydroquinone under the unwarranted assumption that they are photographically equivalent. It is about time that I did some experiments to find out if that ratio does give the maximum activity for the phenidone-ascorbic acid pair. I wish also to determine if using a ratio greater than that of maximum activity might have some advantage." newtip="这并不是一个非常科学的方法来解决这个问题。我一直在用抗坏血酸代替对苯二酚,假设它们在照片上是等价的。现在是我做一些实验的时候了,看看这个比率是否给了菲酮-抗坏血酸对的最大活性。我还想确定使用一个大于最大活动量的比率是否有一些好处。">That is not a very scientific approach to the problem. I have been using ascorbic acid to replace hydroquinone under the unwarranted assumption that they are photographically equivalent. It is about time that I did some experiments to find out if that ratio does give the maximum activity for the phenidone-ascorbic acid pair. I wish also to determine if using a ratio greater than that of maximum activity might have some advantage.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1"><trans oldtip="The Experimental Plan" newtip="实验计划">The Experimental Plan</trans><br><br></font><trans oldtip="My normal developer these days has, in each liter of working solution, 2 grams of ascorbic acid and 0.05 grams of phenidone, with which I use a variety of alkaline solutions as activator. For these experiments I have chosen to use sodium metaborate 4 mol. For details of this compound see " newtip="我的正常开发人员,在每升工作溶液中,有2克抗坏血酸和0.05克菲那酮,我用各种碱性溶液作为活化剂。对于这些实验,我选择使用偏硼酸钠4 mol。有关此化合物的详细信息,请参阅">My normal developer these days has, in each liter of working solution, 2 grams of ascorbic acid and 0.05 grams of phenidone, with which I use a variety of alkaline solutions as activator. For these experiments I have chosen to use sodium metaborate 4 mol. For details of this compound see </trans><a href="https://www.borax.com/" target="blank"><trans oldtip="https://www.borax.com" newtip="https://www.borax.com">https://www.borax.com</trans></a><trans oldtip=". I use 20 ml of a 30% solution of the metaborate to make 1 liter of working solution. This formula gives a normal developing time at 70' F of about 7 minutes for HP5+ film." newtip="...我用20毫升的30%的偏硼酸溶液来制造1升的工作溶液。该公式给出了HP5+薄膜在70‘F温度下的正常显影时间,约为7分钟。">. I use 20 ml of a 30% solution of the metaborate to make 1 liter of working solution. This formula gives a normal developing time at 70' F of about 7 minutes for HP5+ film.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In order to determnine the effect of variation of ascorbic acid content, I began with a solution as described but containing only 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. I used 250 ml of solution to develop each of four test strips, doubling the effective amount of ascorbic acid for each successive test. Thus my tests had 1, 2, 4, and 8 grams of ascorbic acid per liter while phenidone remained constant at 0.05 grams per liter." newtip="为了确定抗坏血酸含量变化的影响,我从一种描述的溶液开始,但每升只含有1克抗坏血酸。我用250毫升的溶液开发了四条试纸条中的每条,使抗坏血酸的有效量翻了一番。因此,我的测试有1,2,4和8克的抗坏血酸每升,而非那酮保持在0.05克每升。">In order to determnine the effect of variation of ascorbic acid content, I began with a solution as described but containing only 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. I used 250 ml of solution to develop each of four test strips, doubling the effective amount of ascorbic acid for each successive test. Thus my tests had 1, 2, 4, and 8 grams of ascorbic acid per liter while phenidone remained constant at 0.05 grams per liter.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip="In order to avoid as much as possible changing pH along with the change in amount of ascorbic acid, I made 100 ml of a solution containing 10 grams of ascorbic acid and 4.77 grams of sodium bicarbonate. I dissolved the ascorbic acid and bicarbonate in a small amount of water and allowed the effervescence to subside before bringing the volume up to 100 ml. Ten ml of this solution contained the equivalent of 1 gram of ascorbic acid, but with a pH very close to neutral." newtip="为了尽量避免随着抗坏血酸用量的变化而改变pH值,我制作了含抗坏血酸10克和碳酸氢钠4.77克的100毫升溶液。我把抗坏血酸和碳酸氢盐溶于少量的水中,在使体积达到100毫升之前,使膨胀消退。10毫升这个溶液含有相当于1克抗坏血酸,但pH非常接近中性。">In order to avoid as much as possible changing pH along with the change in amount of ascorbic acid, I made 100 ml of a solution containing 10 grams of ascorbic acid and 4.77 grams of sodium bicarbonate. I dissolved the ascorbic acid and bicarbonate in a small amount of water and allowed the effervescence to subside before bringing the volume up to 100 ml. Ten ml of this solution contained the equivalent of 1 gram of ascorbic acid, but with a pH very close to neutral.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="I contrived a means of using a 35 mm camera body as a contact fratne for exposing a Stouffer TP 35 21 step density wedge with 21 increments of 0.15. 1 used the camera's shutter and the enlarger lens to get 36 identically exposed density test strips on a single roll. I developed a short piece of this roll in each solution and read the resulting densities with an easel densitometer." newtip="我设计了一种方法,使用35毫米相机机身作为接触兄弟会曝光一个Stouffer TP 35 21级密度楔与21增量0.15。1使用相机的快门和放大镜头,在一卷卷上获得36条曝光相同的密度测试条。我在每一种溶液中开发了一小块这卷纸,并用画架密度计来读取产生的密度。">I contrived a means of using a 35 mm camera body as a contact fratne for exposing a Stouffer TP 35 21 step density wedge with 21 increments of 0.15. 1 used the camera's shutter and the enlarger lens to get 36 identically exposed density test strips on a single roll. I developed a short piece of this roll in each solution and read the resulting densities with an easel densitometer.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip="I used a single reel stainless steel developing tank and agitated by inversion 5 seconds each minute." newtip="我用了一个单卷不锈钢展开槽,每分钟倒转5秒搅拌。">I used a single reel stainless steel developing tank and agitated by inversion 5 seconds each minute.</trans><br> </p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure1.jpg" target="blank"><img id="Picture23" height="376" width="500" src="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure1T.jpg" border="0" alt="Click to enlarge Figure 1" title="Click to enlarge Figure 1"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><font size="+1"><trans oldtip="Results and Discussion" newtip="结果和讨论">Results and Discussion</trans><br><br></font><trans oldtip="The H&D graphs I got from these tests are shown in Figure 1. Each step along the horizontal axis is a change in log relative exposure of 0.15, or ½ F-stop." newtip="我从这些测试中得到的H&D图如图1所示。沿水平轴的每一步都是测井相对曝光率的变化,即0.15,或半F-停止。">The H&D graphs I got from these tests are shown in Figure 1. Each step along the horizontal axis is a change in log relative exposure of 0.15, or ½ F-stop.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip=" Straight lines of best fit as calculated by my spread sheet program are superimposed over the range I used to calculate them. The slopes of these lines are representative of the contrast indices but are free of any personal bias I might have added if I had drawn them by eye." newtip="根据我的扩展表程序计算的最适合的直线是叠加在我用来计算它们的范围之上的。这些线的斜率代表对比指数,但没有任何个人偏见,如果我是用眼睛画的话。">Straight lines of best fit as calculated by my spread sheet program are superimposed over the range I used to calculate them. The slopes of these lines are representative of the contrast indices but are free of any personal bias I might have added if I had drawn them by eye.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="These contrast indices are plotted in Figure 2 against ascorbic acid concentration in grams per liter of developer. Here it is evident that doubling the concentration of ascorbic acid from two grains per liter to 4 does not double the activity of the developer. Remember that the phenidone concentration remains constant as does pH." newtip="这些对比指数如图2所示,以抗坏血酸浓度为单位,每升显影剂。这里很明显,将抗坏血酸浓度从每升两粒增加到4倍,并不是显影剂活性的两倍。记住,菲那酮的浓度和pH一样是恒定的。">These contrast indices are plotted in Figure 2 against ascorbic acid concentration in grams per liter of developer. Here it is evident that doubling the concentration of ascorbic acid from two grains per liter to 4 does not double the activity of the developer. Remember that the phenidone concentration remains constant as does pH.</trans><br> </p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure2.jpg" target="blank"><img id="Picture24" height="375" width="500" src="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure2T.jpg" border="0" alt="Click to enlarge Figure 2" title="Click to enlarge Figure 2"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Two grams per liter corresponds to a ratio of 40 to 1 ascorbic acid to phenidone. Doubling the amount to 4 grams per liter produced only about 25% increase in activity. From 4 to 8 grams per liter there is a negligible change in activity. Neither is there a peak within the range tested, but what appears to be an asymptotic approach to some limiting value." newtip="每升2克相当于40:1抗坏血酸与菲那酮的比例。增加一倍,达到每升4克,只产生大约25%的活动增加。从每升4克到8克,活动量的变化微乎其微。在测试范围内也没有峰值,但似乎是一个渐近的方法,达到某些极限值。">Two grams per liter corresponds to a ratio of 40 to 1 ascorbic acid to phenidone. Doubling the amount to 4 grams per liter produced only about 25% increase in activity. From 4 to 8 grams per liter there is a negligible change in activity. Neither is there a peak within the range tested, but what appears to be an asymptotic approach to some limiting value.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Considering only initial activity, one might conclude that not much is to be gained by increasing the amount of ascorbic acid above the 40:1 ratio. If we look at the result of losing a portion of the ascorbic acid through use or through oxidation, then we see that the loss of one gram will cause about 50% loss of activity from the 40:1 ratio, but only about 15% loss from the 80:1 ratio, and a loss of 4 grams from the 160:1 solution causes a. loss of acitvity of only about 3%." newtip="考虑到最初的活性,人们可能会得出结论,将抗坏血酸的数量增加到40:1以上并不能带来什么好处。如果观察使用或氧化使部分抗坏血酸流失的结果,我们会发现,一克的损失将导致40:1的活性损失约50%,而80:1的损失仅为15%,160:1溶液的损失为4克,导致的失活率仅为3%左右。">Considering only initial activity, one might conclude that not much is to be gained by increasing the amount of ascorbic acid above the 40:1 ratio. If we look at the result of losing a portion of the ascorbic acid through use or through oxidation, then we see that the loss of one gram will cause about 50% loss of activity from the 40:1 ratio, but only about 15% loss from the 80:1 ratio, and a loss of 4 grams from the 160:1 solution causes a. loss of acitvity of only about 3%.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="How much film can a gram of ascorbic acid develop? A rough **ysis of what that means in practical use is as follows. Each mole of ascorbic acid can reduce two moles of silver bromide to two moles of silver and 2 moles of hydrobromic acid, forining 1 mole of dehydroascorbic acid in the process. Thus one gram of ascorbic acid can produce 1.28 grams of silver." newtip="一克抗坏血酸能发展多少膜?以下是对实际使用中这意味着什么的粗略分析。每摩尔抗坏血酸可将2摩尔溴化银还原为2摩尔银和2摩尔氢溴酸,在此过程中可形成1摩尔的去氢抗坏血酸。因此,一克抗坏血酸可以产生1.28克的银。">How much film can a gram of ascorbic acid develop? A rough **ysis of what that means in practical use is as follows. Each mole of ascorbic acid can reduce two moles of silver bromide to two moles of silver and 2 moles of hydrobromic acid, forining 1 mole of dehydroascorbic acid in the process. Thus one gram of ascorbic acid can produce 1.28 grams of silver.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="According to a relationship established by Hurter and Driffield" newtip="根据赫特和德雷菲尔德建立的关系">According to a relationship established by Hurter and Driffield</trans><a href="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/synergism.html#Footnote"><font color="#3300FF" size="-2"><sup>1</sup></font></a><trans oldtip=", each density unit requires about 0.00012 grains per square centimeter on conventional films. Somewhat less is required on modem tabular grain films. One 8 X 10 inch sheet developed to average density of one contains on the order of 0.06 grams of silver. Therefore, 1 gram of ascorbic acid can reduce 20 or so 8 X 10 sheets of film to an average density of 1. If I develop two rolls of film, and my developer contains only 1 gram of ascorbic acid to begin with, 0.9 grams would remain at the end if reduction of silver halide were the only cause of loss. Exhaustion of the developing agents due to reduction of silver halide is thus not a serious consideration even at 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. The formation of soluble halides, aerial oxidation and the decrease in pH are of more concern." newtip=",每个密度单位需要约0.00012粒每平方厘米的常规薄膜。对现代制版晶粒薄膜的要求较低。一张8×10英寸的单张,其平均密度为0.06克,银含量约为0.06克。因此,1克抗坏血酸可使20多张8×10片的薄膜平均密度降至1。如果我开发两卷胶片,而我的显影剂一开始只含有1克抗坏血酸,那么,如果卤化银的还原是唯一的损失原因,那么0.9克的抗坏血酸就会留在最后。因此,即使在每升1克抗坏血酸的情况下,由于卤化银还原而耗尽显影剂也不是一个严重的考虑因素。溶解性卤化物的形成、空气氧化和pH值的降低更引起人们的关注。">, each density unit requires about 0.00012 grains per square centimeter on conventional films. Somewhat less is required on modem tabular grain films. One 8 X 10 inch sheet developed to average density of one contains on the order of 0.06 grams of silver. Therefore, 1 gram of ascorbic acid can reduce 20 or so 8 X 10 sheets of film to an average density of 1. If I develop two rolls of film, and my developer contains only 1 gram of ascorbic acid to begin with, 0.9 grams would remain at the end if reduction of silver halide were the only cause of loss. Exhaustion of the developing agents due to reduction of silver halide is thus not a serious consideration even at 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. The formation of soluble halides, aerial oxidation and the decrease in pH are of more concern.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1">How much oxygen is worth a roll of film?</font></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Ascorbic acid and its isomers are known to be efficient antioxidants. Oxygen, chlorine and other elements dissolved in the developer or entrained in the solutes will oxidize ascorbic acid even in acidic solution." newtip="众所周知,抗坏血酸及其异构体是高效的抗氧化剂。氧、氯和其他元素溶于显影剂或溶质中,即使在酸性溶液中也会氧化抗坏血酸。">Ascorbic acid and its isomers are known to be efficient antioxidants. Oxygen, chlorine and other elements dissolved in the developer or entrained in the solutes will oxidize ascorbic acid even in acidic solution.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip=" Aerial oxidation also causes formation of dehydroascorbic acid. One gram atomic weight of oxygen, 16 grams, will oxidize one gram molecular weight, 176 grams, of ascorbic acid. The products of aerial oxidation are water and dehydroascorbic acid. As little as 0.09 grams will oxidize 1 gram of ascorbic acid, the same amount that will develop about 20 rolls of film. There is nothing in any ordinary developer that will reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid." newtip="空中氧化也会导致脱氢抗坏血酸的形成。一克氧原子重量,十六克,将氧化一克分子量,一百七十六克,抗坏血酸。空气氧化产物是水和脱氢抗坏血酸。只有0.09克就会氧化1克抗坏血酸,同样的量会产生20卷左右的薄膜。在任何普通的显影剂中,没有什么能将脱氢抗坏血酸还原成抗坏血酸。">Aerial oxidation also causes formation of dehydroascorbic acid. One gram atomic weight of oxygen, 16 grams, will oxidize one gram molecular weight, 176 grams, of ascorbic acid. The products of aerial oxidation are water and dehydroascorbic acid. As little as 0.09 grams will oxidize 1 gram of ascorbic acid, the same amount that will develop about 20 rolls of film. There is nothing in any ordinary developer that will reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Looking at it from the other side, 0.0045 grams of oxygen is worth about one roll of film. Whatever oxygen is in the water or entrained in the solids used to make the working solution disables a certain amount of ascorbic acid. The same is true of elemental chlorine. Do not use chlorinated water to mix ascorbate developers. In this case one molecule of chlorine and one of ascorbic acid combine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid and one of dehydroascorbic acid. These reactions will occur even in acidic solutions, and sodium sulfite is little or no protection for the ascorbate, because the ascorbate is a more powerful antioxidant than the sulfite. It protects the sulfite." newtip="从另一边看,0.0045克氧气值一卷胶片。无论是水中的氧气,还是固体中的氧气,都会使工作溶液失去一定量的抗坏血酸。元素氯也是如此。不要使用氯化水混合抗坏血酸的开发商。在这种情况下,一个氯分子和一个抗坏血酸分子结合形成两个盐酸分子和一个脱氢抗坏血酸分子。这些反应即使在酸性溶液中也会发生,亚硫酸钠对抗坏血酸盐几乎没有保护作用,因为抗坏血酸盐是一种比亚硫酸盐更强的抗氧化剂。它保护亚硫酸盐。">Looking at it from the other side, 0.0045 grams of oxygen is worth about one roll of film. Whatever oxygen is in the water or entrained in the solids used to make the working solution disables a certain amount of ascorbic acid. The same is true of elemental chlorine. Do not use chlorinated water to mix ascorbate developers. In this case one molecule of chlorine and one of ascorbic acid combine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid and one of dehydroascorbic acid. These reactions will occur even in acidic solutions, and sodium sulfite is little or no protection for the ascorbate, because the ascorbate is a more powerful antioxidant than the sulfite. It protects the sulfite.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="The general tendency of ascorbate developers is to become more acidic as a result of normal use, chlorination or aerial oxidation. Oxygen reduces pH less than chlorine and fluorine. Oxygen produces only water and dehydroascorbic acid, while the halogens produce the corresponding acid as well as the dehydroascorbic acid." newtip="抗坏血酸显影剂的一般趋势是由于正常使用、氯化或空中氧化而变得更酸。氧对pH的降低小于氯和氟。氧气只产生水和脱氢抗坏血酸,而卤素产生相应的酸和脱氢抗坏血酸。">The general tendency of ascorbate developers is to become more acidic as a result of normal use, chlorination or aerial oxidation. Oxygen reduces pH less than chlorine and fluorine. Oxygen produces only water and dehydroascorbic acid, while the halogens produce the corresponding acid as well as the dehydroascorbic acid.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="This reduction of pH reduces activity. The good news is that pH is measurable and correctable, while loss of ascorbic acid is not easily detectable except by ruining some film." newtip="这种pH值的降低降低了活性。好消息是,pH是可测量的和可校正的,而抗坏血酸的损失是不易检测的,除非破坏一些薄膜。">This reduction of pH reduces activity. The good news is that pH is measurable and correctable, while loss of ascorbic acid is not easily detectable except by ruining some film.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In a split stock formulation where phenidone and ascorbic acid are kept in one of the solutions the aerial oxidation of this solution can still take place, but the change in pH of this solution due to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid will be small, especially if chlorinated and fluorinated water are avoided. In this case, when there is a considerable excess of ascorbic acid above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone in solution, the amount of the alkaline activator solution required to give a certain pH in the working solution will not be appreciably different whether it is neutralizing ascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. Until the ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone goes below 40 to 1, there should be no noticeable change of initial activity of the working solution." newtip="在将菲酮和抗坏血酸保存在其中一种溶液中的分裂原料配方中,该溶液仍可进行空中氧化,但该溶液因形成脱氢抗坏血酸而引起的pH变化很小,特别是在避免氯化和氟化水的情况下。在这种情况下,当抗坏血酸大量过剩时,无论是中和抗坏血酸还是去氢抗坏血酸,在溶液中产生一定pH所需的碱性激活剂溶液的数量都不会有明显的不同。在抗坏血酸与菲那酮的比值低于40:1之前,工作液的初始活性不应发生明显的变化。">In a split stock formulation where phenidone and ascorbic acid are kept in one of the solutions the aerial oxidation of this solution can still take place, but the change in pH of this solution due to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid will be small, especially if chlorinated and fluorinated water are avoided. In this case, when there is a considerable excess of ascorbic acid above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone in solution, the amount of the alkaline activator solution required to give a certain pH in the working solution will not be appreciably different whether it is neutralizing ascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. Until the ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone goes below 40 to 1, there should be no noticeable change of initial activity of the working solution.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1">Conclusions</font></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Phenidone is often described as the primary agent in developers like the one tested here. The secondary agent is said to regenerate oxidized phenidone to its original state. In fact, the ascorbic acid is a scavenger of anything that might be, at least in old-fashioned terms, a free radical. Oxygen in water solution is such, as is chlorine used as disinfectant. Halogen atoms set free from silver halides by photolysis or by phenidone are taken by ascorbate and converted to hydrobromic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Phenidone is not lost in this process, but ascorbate is. The experiments presented here have shown that adding ascorbate to a phenidone-ascorbate developer above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone content will cause little change in developer activity. The excess serves as a preservative and as a reserve." newtip="菲尼酮经常被描述为开发人员中的主要代理,就像这里测试的那样。二次剂据说是将氧化的苯醌再生到原来的状态。事实上,抗坏血酸是任何可能是自由基的清除剂,至少在旧式的术语中是如此。水溶液中的氧气是这样的,氯作为消毒剂也是如此。卤素原子通过光解或菲那酮从卤化银中释放,被抗坏血酸吸收,转化为氢溴酸和去氢抗坏血酸。非尼酮在这个过程中不是消失的,而是抗坏血酸的。这里提出的实验表明,将抗坏血酸添加到菲那酮-抗坏血酸显色剂的含量超过菲那酮所能激活的量,将不会引起显影剂活动的变化。多余的部分用作防腐剂和储备。">Phenidone is often described as the primary agent in developers like the one tested here. The secondary agent is said to regenerate oxidized phenidone to its original state. In fact, the ascorbic acid is a scavenger of anything that might be, at least in old-fashioned terms, a free radical. Oxygen in water solution is such, as is chlorine used as disinfectant. Halogen atoms set free from silver halides by photolysis or by phenidone are taken by ascorbate and converted to hydrobromic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Phenidone is not lost in this process, but ascorbate is. The experiments presented here have shown that adding ascorbate to a phenidone-ascorbate developer above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone content will cause little change in developer activity. The excess serves as a preservative and as a reserve.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="A split stock formula in pure water containing only phenidone and ascorbic acid, with the initial ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone at 80:1 or higher, should have a long storage life and constant activity. The ratio of alkaline activator solution to developing agent solution required for a given initial activity of working solution should remain constant for the life of the solutions." newtip="在纯水中,当抗坏血酸与抗坏血酸的初始比为80:1或更高时,在纯净水中分离出的原料配方应具有较长的贮存寿命和较高的活性。碱性激活剂溶液与显影剂溶液的比例在溶液的使用寿命内应保持不变。">A split stock formula in pure water containing only phenidone and ascorbic acid, with the initial ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone at 80:1 or higher, should have a long storage life and constant activity. The ratio of alkaline activator solution to developing agent solution required for a given initial activity of working solution should remain constant for the life of the solutions.</trans></p></div>作者: cndby 时间: 2020-1-11 09:27 本帖最后由 cndby 于 2020-1-11 09:42 编辑 <br /><br /><font size="6" face="黑体">焦酚党显影液</font><p></p><div><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font size="4">关于PMK
PMK是一种古老的通用显影剂,广泛适用于传统胶片和现代胶片。
P:Pyro 没食子酸也称连苯三酚,邻苯三酚。C6H3(OH)3
M:Metol米吐尔
K:Kodalk柯达克尔,偏硼酸钠。
这是PMK显影液的主要组成部分。
PMK显影液具有以下特征:1:Sharpness:有非常好的锐利度。
2:Edge effect:优秀的边缘锐度。
3:Film speed: 有效的胶片感光度。
4:Zone System :易于使用区域系统。
5:High Light: 具有迷人的高光。
PMK显影液由A,B两种液体组成具体成分如下:
A储存液
Distilled Water 75°F 蒸馏水 400 ml
Metol 米吐尔 5.0 g
Sodium Bisulfite 亚硫酸氢钠 10.0 g
Pyrogallol 连苯三酚 50.0 g
Distilled water to make 加蒸馏水至 500 ml
B储存液
Distilled Water 75°F 蒸馏水 700 ml
Sodium Metaborate 偏硼酸钠 300 g
Distilled water to Make 加蒸馏水至 1000 ml</font></span></div><div><font size="4"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">上面的配方只是PMK多种变种配方中的一种。它在使用中有一些需要注意的事项:
1/ 工作液的配制:A:B:蒸馏水,1:2:100既一份A液,二份B液加100份水。
显影时间表
依尔福胶片
Film Time 70° F Time 80° F
Ilford FP4 Plus(EI 80-100) 10 minutes
Ilford HP5 Plus (EI 320-400) 13 minutes 8 minutes
Ilford Pan F Plus (EI 32) 9 minutes
Ilford Delta 100 (EI 80) 11 minutes
Ilford Delta 400 (EI 260-320) 12 minutes
柯达胶片
Film Time at 70° F Time at 80° F
Kodak Tri-X (EI 260) 14 minutes
Kodak T-Max 100 (EI 80-100) 12 minutes 9 minutes
Kodak T-Max 400 (EI400) 15 minutes
爱克发胶片
Film Time at 70° F
Agfapan 25 (EI 16) 11 Minutes
Agfapan 100 (EI 80) 13 Minutes
Agfapan 400 (EI 200) 16 Minutes
I primarily do large format black and white photography. For many years I did not use black and white film in roll film cameras because I could not obtain the sharp image and tonal qualities that I was use to in large format. That has changed. I was originally drawn to PMK for its use with large format but for me its qualities in roll film development impressed me most. For me, PMK is the only developer that I will use for 35mm and 120 black and white. With the proper presentation, I can hang 35mm images along side an image made from a 4x5 and feel very happy with the smaller format image. Once you are proficient in film developing, I recommend that you give PMK a try.
Developing roll film in PMK developer is essentially the same as developing in a conventional developer. One difference is that agitation must be increased. I use one inversion every 15 seconds after the initial 30 second agitation. When agitating, I also rotate the film tank about one third with every agitation. This helps to make the agitation more random.
Acidic stop bath is not recommended for PMK. I tends to reduce the staining effect so water works just fine. Photographers Formulary TF-4 is my choice of fixer for all black and white films, I originally used it because TF-4 was the recommended fixer for PMK. I found that I liked the way that it fixed T-Max films and now use it for all film developing. A rapid fixer without hardener would also be acceptable for film developed in PMK.
After fixing the film, it is recommended that you give the film another bath in the used developer. This called the "after bath". I prefer to use a dilute sodium metaborate bath instead of the used developer. The film seems to come out cleaner using this method, this bath is suppose to help increase the staining properties. When the "after bath" is complete the film goes directly to the film washer, no hypo clearing agent is required. A 20 to 30 minute wash is suggested, the longer wash is also suppose to increase the film stain. Photo-flo as usual and hang to dry.