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关于黑白冲洗药物的一些细节问题

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发表于 2019-10-22 22:50 | 只看该作者 |倒序浏览

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关于黑白冲洗,网上教程已经很多了。但是一些关键细节没有,现在请教各位老师,万望解答。
1.关于网上普遍的D76显影液配方,按照这个配方配好的药是直接用,还是要稀释?如果要稀释,如何稀释?
2.搜遍全网,只有显影液的配方,却没有停影液和定影液的配方,请详细告知D76工艺中的停影液及定影液配方
以上两点,请详细解答,谢谢
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发表于 2019-10-25 20:11 | 只看该作者
神药d76。可以原液冲洗,也可以1:1冲洗。但是配置d-76最好用蒸馏水配置,夏天可以1:1冲洗 药温好克制一点,原液和1:1冲洗的冲洗时间不同  1:1 要延长一些,具体的显影时间跟使用相机 天气反差 不同而改变(也就是区域曝光显影),停显,定影本论坛有 细心找吧
图灵ART c.n.dby@163.com http://blog.sina.com.cn/artzoom
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发表于 2019-11-1 17:53 | 只看该作者
原液和稀释后的都可以用,只是出片效果不同,可以做实验对比。停显,我使用自来水,毕竟我要求不高。
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发表于 2019-12-1 21:53 | 只看该作者
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发表于 2019-12-28 08:34 | 只看该作者
菲尼酮与抗坏血酸的协同作用<div><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="The synergism between two developing agents, also known as superadditivity, is often illustrated graphically by a curve with a defmite peak showing some kind of optimum ratio of one agent to the other. This peak can be misleading because it shows how developer activity changes as one agent increases while the other decreases. We really should examine the change of activity due to change of one of the agents while the other is held constant." newtip="这两种显影剂之间的协同作用,也称为超可加性,通常用一条曲线来图示,曲线显示出一种显影剂与另一种显影剂的最佳配比。这个峰值可能会引起误解,因为它显示了开发人员活动如何随着一个代理的增加而另一个代理的减少而发生变化。我们真的应该检查活动的变化,因为其中一个因素的变化,而另一个是不变的。">The synergism between two developing agents, also known as superadditivity, is often illustrated graphically by a curve with a defmite peak showing some kind of optimum ratio of one agent to the other. This peak can be misleading because it shows how developer activity changes as one agent increases while the other decreases. We really should examine the change of activity due to change of one of the agents while the other is held constant.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In phenidone-ascorbate developers I have used 40 parts by weight of ascorbic acid to one of phenidone as the ratio that gives the minimum phenidone to activate a given weight of ascorbic acid. I arrived at that number by noting that the usually quoted optimum ratio of Metol to hydroquinone is 1:4, and that when substituting phenidone for Metol, one should use 1/10 as much phenidone as Metol." newtip="在抗坏血酸的开发人员中,我用了40份抗坏血酸和一份菲那酮作为比例,给出了最小的菲那酮来激活一定重量的抗坏血酸。我得出这个数字时注意到,通常所引用的Metol与氢醌的最佳比例是1:4,当用非那酮代替Metol时,应该使用1/10倍于Metol的苯尼酮。">In phenidone-ascorbate developers I have used 40 parts by weight of ascorbic acid to one of phenidone as the ratio that gives the minimum phenidone to activate a given weight of ascorbic acid. I arrived at that number by noting that the usually quoted optimum ratio of Metol to hydroquinone is 1:4, and that when substituting phenidone for Metol, one should use 1/10 as much phenidone as Metol.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="That is not a very scientific approach to the problem. I have been using ascorbic acid to replace hydroquinone under the unwarranted assumption that they are photographically equivalent. It is about time that I did some experiments to find out if that ratio does give the maximum activity for the phenidone-ascorbic acid pair. I wish also to determine if using a ratio greater than that of maximum activity might have some advantage." newtip="这并不是一个非常科学的方法来解决这个问题。我一直在用抗坏血酸代替对苯二酚,假设它们在照片上是等价的。现在是我做一些实验的时候了,看看这个比率是否给了菲酮-抗坏血酸对的最大活性。我还想确定使用一个大于最大活动量的比率是否有一些好处。">That is not a very scientific approach to the problem. I have been using ascorbic acid to replace hydroquinone under the unwarranted assumption that they are photographically equivalent. It is about time that I did some experiments to find out if that ratio does give the maximum activity for the phenidone-ascorbic acid pair. I wish also to determine if using a ratio greater than that of maximum activity might have some advantage.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1"><trans oldtip="The Experimental Plan" newtip="实验计划">The Experimental Plan</trans><br><br></font><trans oldtip="My normal developer these days has, in each liter of working solution, 2 grams of ascorbic acid and 0.05 grams of phenidone, with which I use a variety of alkaline solutions as activator. For these experiments I have chosen to use sodium metaborate 4 mol. For details of this compound see " newtip="我的正常开发人员,在每升工作溶液中,有2克抗坏血酸和0.05克菲那酮,我用各种碱性溶液作为活化剂。对于这些实验,我选择使用偏硼酸钠4 mol。有关此化合物的详细信息,请参阅">My normal developer these days has, in each liter of working solution, 2 grams of ascorbic acid and 0.05 grams of phenidone, with which I use a variety of alkaline solutions as activator. For these experiments I have chosen to use sodium metaborate 4 mol. For details of this compound see&nbsp;</trans><a href="https://www.borax.com/" target="blank"><trans oldtip="https://www.borax.com" newtip="https://www.borax.com">https://www.borax.com</trans></a><trans oldtip=". I use 20 ml of a 30% solution of the metaborate to make 1 liter of working solution. This formula gives a normal developing time at 70' F of about 7 minutes for HP5+ film." newtip="...我用20毫升的30%的偏硼酸溶液来制造1升的工作溶液。该公式给出了HP5+薄膜在70‘F温度下的正常显影时间,约为7分钟。">. I use 20 ml of a 30% solution of the metaborate to make 1 liter of working solution. This formula gives a normal developing time at 70' F of about 7 minutes for HP5+ film.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In order to determnine the effect of variation of ascorbic acid content, I began with a solution as described but containing only 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. I used 250 ml of solution to develop each of four test strips, doubling the effective amount of ascorbic acid for each successive test. Thus my tests had 1, 2, 4, and 8 grams of ascorbic acid per liter while phenidone remained constant at 0.05 grams per liter." newtip="为了确定抗坏血酸含量变化的影响,我从一种描述的溶液开始,但每升只含有1克抗坏血酸。我用250毫升的溶液开发了四条试纸条中的每条,使抗坏血酸的有效量翻了一番。因此,我的测试有1,2,4和8克的抗坏血酸每升,而非那酮保持在0.05克每升。">In order to determnine the effect of variation of ascorbic acid content, I began with a solution as described but containing only 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. I used 250 ml of solution to develop each of four test strips, doubling the effective amount of ascorbic acid for each successive test. Thus my tests had 1, 2, 4, and 8 grams of ascorbic acid per liter while phenidone remained constant at 0.05 grams per liter.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip="In order to avoid as much as possible changing pH along with the change in amount of ascorbic acid, I made 100 ml of a solution containing 10 grams of ascorbic acid and 4.77 grams of sodium bicarbonate. I dissolved the ascorbic acid and bicarbonate in a small amount of water and allowed the effervescence to subside before bringing the volume up to 100 ml. Ten ml of this solution contained the equivalent of 1 gram of ascorbic acid, but with a pH very close to neutral." newtip="为了尽量避免随着抗坏血酸用量的变化而改变pH值,我制作了含抗坏血酸10克和碳酸氢钠4.77克的100毫升溶液。我把抗坏血酸和碳酸氢盐溶于少量的水中,在使体积达到100毫升之前,使膨胀消退。10毫升这个溶液含有相当于1克抗坏血酸,但pH非常接近中性。">In order to avoid as much as possible changing pH along with the change in amount of ascorbic acid, I made 100 ml of a solution containing 10 grams of ascorbic acid and 4.77 grams of sodium bicarbonate. I dissolved the ascorbic acid and bicarbonate in a small amount of water and allowed the effervescence to subside before bringing the volume up to 100 ml. Ten ml of this solution contained the equivalent of 1 gram of ascorbic acid, but with a pH very close to neutral.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="I contrived a means of using a 35 mm camera body as a contact fratne for exposing a Stouffer TP 35 21 step density wedge with 21 increments of 0.15. 1 used the camera's shutter and the enlarger lens to get 36 identically exposed density test strips on a single roll. I developed a short piece of this roll in each solution and read the resulting densities with an easel densitometer." newtip="我设计了一种方法,使用35毫米相机机身作为接触兄弟会曝光一个Stouffer TP 35 21级密度楔与21增量0.15。1使用相机的快门和放大镜头,在一卷卷上获得36条曝光相同的密度测试条。我在每一种溶液中开发了一小块这卷纸,并用画架密度计来读取产生的密度。">I contrived a means of using a 35 mm camera body as a contact fratne for exposing a Stouffer TP 35 21 step density wedge with 21 increments of 0.15. 1 used the camera's shutter and the enlarger lens to get 36 identically exposed density test strips on a single roll. I developed a short piece of this roll in each solution and read the resulting densities with an easel densitometer.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip="I used a single reel stainless steel developing tank and agitated by inversion 5 seconds each minute." newtip="我用了一个单卷不锈钢展开槽,每分钟倒转5秒搅拌。">I used a single reel stainless steel developing tank and agitated by inversion 5 seconds each minute.</trans><br>&nbsp;</p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure1.jpg" target="blank"><img id="Picture23" height="376" width="500" src="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure1T.jpg" border="0" alt="Click to enlarge Figure 1" title="Click to enlarge Figure 1"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><font size="+1"><trans oldtip="Results and Discussion" newtip="结果和讨论">Results and Discussion</trans><br><br></font><trans oldtip="The H&amp;D graphs I got from these tests are shown in Figure 1. Each step along the horizontal axis is a change in log relative exposure of 0.15, or ½ F-stop." newtip="我从这些测试中得到的H&amp;D图如图1所示。沿水平轴的每一步都是测井相对曝光率的变化,即0.15,或半F-停止。">The H&amp;D graphs I got from these tests are shown in Figure 1. Each step along the horizontal axis is a change in log relative exposure of 0.15, or ½ F-stop.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip=" Straight lines of best fit as calculated by my spread sheet program are superimposed over the range I used to calculate them. The slopes of these lines are representative of the contrast indices but are free of any personal bias I might have added if I had drawn them by eye." newtip="根据我的扩展表程序计算的最适合的直线是叠加在我用来计算它们的范围之上的。这些线的斜率代表对比指数,但没有任何个人偏见,如果我是用眼睛画的话。">Straight lines of best fit as calculated by my spread sheet program are superimposed over the range I used to calculate them. The slopes of these lines are representative of the contrast indices but are free of any personal bias I might have added if I had drawn them by eye.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="These contrast indices are plotted in Figure 2 against ascorbic acid concentration in grams per liter of developer. Here it is evident that doubling the concentration of ascorbic acid from two grains per liter to 4 does not double the activity of the developer. Remember that the phenidone concentration remains constant as does pH." newtip="这些对比指数如图2所示,以抗坏血酸浓度为单位,每升显影剂。这里很明显,将抗坏血酸浓度从每升两粒增加到4倍,并不是显影剂活性的两倍。记住,菲那酮的浓度和pH一样是恒定的。">These contrast indices are plotted in Figure 2 against ascorbic acid concentration in grams per liter of developer. Here it is evident that doubling the concentration of ascorbic acid from two grains per liter to 4 does not double the activity of the developer. Remember that the phenidone concentration remains constant as does pH.</trans><br>&nbsp;</p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure2.jpg" target="blank"><img id="Picture24" height="375" width="500" src="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/Figure2T.jpg" border="0" alt="Click to enlarge Figure 2" title="Click to enlarge Figure 2"></a></td></tr></tbody></table><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Two grams per liter corresponds to a ratio of 40 to 1 ascorbic acid to phenidone. Doubling the amount to 4 grams per liter produced only about 25% increase in activity. From 4 to 8 grams per liter there is a negligible change in activity. Neither is there a peak within the range tested, but what appears to be an asymptotic approach to some limiting value." newtip="每升2克相当于40:1抗坏血酸与菲那酮的比例。增加一倍,达到每升4克,只产生大约25%的活动增加。从每升4克到8克,活动量的变化微乎其微。在测试范围内也没有峰值,但似乎是一个渐近的方法,达到某些极限值。">Two grams per liter corresponds to a ratio of 40 to 1 ascorbic acid to phenidone. Doubling the amount to 4 grams per liter produced only about 25% increase in activity. From 4 to 8 grams per liter there is a negligible change in activity. Neither is there a peak within the range tested, but what appears to be an asymptotic approach to some limiting value.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Considering only initial activity, one might conclude that not much is to be gained by increasing the amount of ascorbic acid above the 40:1 ratio. If we look at the result of losing a portion of the ascorbic acid through use or through oxidation, then we see that the loss of one gram will cause about 50% loss of activity from the 40:1 ratio, but only about 15% loss from the 80:1 ratio, and a loss of 4 grams from the 160:1 solution causes a. loss of acitvity of only about 3%." newtip="考虑到最初的活性,人们可能会得出结论,将抗坏血酸的数量增加到40:1以上并不能带来什么好处。如果观察使用或氧化使部分抗坏血酸流失的结果,我们会发现,一克的损失将导致40:1的活性损失约50%,而80:1的损失仅为15%,160:1溶液的损失为4克,导致的失活率仅为3%左右。">Considering only initial activity, one might conclude that not much is to be gained by increasing the amount of ascorbic acid above the 40:1 ratio. If we look at the result of losing a portion of the ascorbic acid through use or through oxidation, then we see that the loss of one gram will cause about 50% loss of activity from the 40:1 ratio, but only about 15% loss from the 80:1 ratio, and a loss of 4 grams from the 160:1 solution causes a. loss of acitvity of only about 3%.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="How much film can a gram of ascorbic acid develop? A rough **ysis of what that means in practical use is as follows. Each mole of ascorbic acid can reduce two moles of silver bromide to two moles of silver and 2 moles of hydrobromic acid, forining 1 mole of dehydroascorbic acid in the process. Thus one gram of ascorbic acid can produce 1.28 grams of silver." newtip="一克抗坏血酸能发展多少膜?以下是对实际使用中这意味着什么的粗略分析。每摩尔抗坏血酸可将2摩尔溴化银还原为2摩尔银和2摩尔氢溴酸,在此过程中可形成1摩尔的去氢抗坏血酸。因此,一克抗坏血酸可以产生1.28克的银。">How much film can a gram of ascorbic acid develop? A rough **ysis of what that means in practical use is as follows. Each mole of ascorbic acid can reduce two moles of silver bromide to two moles of silver and 2 moles of hydrobromic acid, forining 1 mole of dehydroascorbic acid in the process. Thus one gram of ascorbic acid can produce 1.28 grams of silver.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="According to a relationship established by Hurter and Driffield" newtip="根据赫特和德雷菲尔德建立的关系">According to a relationship established by Hurter and Driffield</trans><a href="https://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Synergism/synergism.html#Footnote"><font color="#3300FF" size="-2"><sup>1</sup></font></a><trans oldtip=", each density unit requires about 0.00012 grains per square centimeter on conventional films. Somewhat less is required on modem tabular grain films. One 8 X 10 inch sheet developed to average density of one contains on the order of 0.06 grams of silver. Therefore, 1 gram of ascorbic acid can reduce 20 or so 8 X 10 sheets of film to an average density of 1. If I develop two rolls of film, and my developer contains only 1 gram of ascorbic acid to begin with, 0.9 grams would remain at the end if reduction of silver halide were the only cause of loss. Exhaustion of the developing agents due to reduction of silver halide is thus not a serious consideration even at 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. The formation of soluble halides, aerial oxidation and the decrease in pH are of more concern." newtip=",每个密度单位需要约0.00012粒每平方厘米的常规薄膜。对现代制版晶粒薄膜的要求较低。一张8×10英寸的单张,其平均密度为0.06克,银含量约为0.06克。因此,1克抗坏血酸可使20多张8×10片的薄膜平均密度降至1。如果我开发两卷胶片,而我的显影剂一开始只含有1克抗坏血酸,那么,如果卤化银的还原是唯一的损失原因,那么0.9克的抗坏血酸就会留在最后。因此,即使在每升1克抗坏血酸的情况下,由于卤化银还原而耗尽显影剂也不是一个严重的考虑因素。溶解性卤化物的形成、空气氧化和pH值的降低更引起人们的关注。">, each density unit requires about 0.00012 grains per square centimeter on conventional films. Somewhat less is required on modem tabular grain films. One 8 X 10 inch sheet developed to average density of one contains on the order of 0.06 grams of silver. Therefore, 1 gram of ascorbic acid can reduce 20 or so 8 X 10 sheets of film to an average density of 1. If I develop two rolls of film, and my developer contains only 1 gram of ascorbic acid to begin with, 0.9 grams would remain at the end if reduction of silver halide were the only cause of loss. Exhaustion of the developing agents due to reduction of silver halide is thus not a serious consideration even at 1 gram of ascorbic acid per liter. The formation of soluble halides, aerial oxidation and the decrease in pH are of more concern.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1">How much oxygen is worth a roll of film?</font></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Ascorbic acid and its isomers are known to be efficient antioxidants. Oxygen, chlorine and other elements dissolved in the developer or entrained in the solutes will oxidize ascorbic acid even in acidic solution." newtip="众所周知,抗坏血酸及其异构体是高效的抗氧化剂。氧、氯和其他元素溶于显影剂或溶质中,即使在酸性溶液中也会氧化抗坏血酸。">Ascorbic acid and its isomers are known to be efficient antioxidants. Oxygen, chlorine and other elements dissolved in the developer or entrained in the solutes will oxidize ascorbic acid even in acidic solution.</trans><br><br><trans oldtip=" Aerial oxidation also causes formation of dehydroascorbic acid. One gram atomic weight of oxygen, 16 grams, will oxidize one gram molecular weight, 176 grams, of ascorbic acid. The products of aerial oxidation are water and dehydroascorbic acid. As little as 0.09 grams will oxidize 1 gram of ascorbic acid, the same amount that will develop about 20 rolls of film. There is nothing in any ordinary developer that will reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid." newtip="空中氧化也会导致脱氢抗坏血酸的形成。一克氧原子重量,十六克,将氧化一克分子量,一百七十六克,抗坏血酸。空气氧化产物是水和脱氢抗坏血酸。只有0.09克就会氧化1克抗坏血酸,同样的量会产生20卷左右的薄膜。在任何普通的显影剂中,没有什么能将脱氢抗坏血酸还原成抗坏血酸。">Aerial oxidation also causes formation of dehydroascorbic acid. One gram atomic weight of oxygen, 16 grams, will oxidize one gram molecular weight, 176 grams, of ascorbic acid. The products of aerial oxidation are water and dehydroascorbic acid. As little as 0.09 grams will oxidize 1 gram of ascorbic acid, the same amount that will develop about 20 rolls of film. There is nothing in any ordinary developer that will reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Looking at it from the other side, 0.0045 grams of oxygen is worth about one roll of film. Whatever oxygen is in the water or entrained in the solids used to make the working solution disables a certain amount of ascorbic acid. The same is true of elemental chlorine. Do not use chlorinated water to mix ascorbate developers. In this case one molecule of chlorine and one of ascorbic acid combine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid and one of dehydroascorbic acid. These reactions will occur even in acidic solutions, and sodium sulfite is little or no protection for the ascorbate, because the ascorbate is a more powerful antioxidant than the sulfite. It protects the sulfite." newtip="从另一边看,0.0045克氧气值一卷胶片。无论是水中的氧气,还是固体中的氧气,都会使工作溶液失去一定量的抗坏血酸。元素氯也是如此。不要使用氯化水混合抗坏血酸的开发商。在这种情况下,一个氯分子和一个抗坏血酸分子结合形成两个盐酸分子和一个脱氢抗坏血酸分子。这些反应即使在酸性溶液中也会发生,亚硫酸钠对抗坏血酸盐几乎没有保护作用,因为抗坏血酸盐是一种比亚硫酸盐更强的抗氧化剂。它保护亚硫酸盐。">Looking at it from the other side, 0.0045 grams of oxygen is worth about one roll of film. Whatever oxygen is in the water or entrained in the solids used to make the working solution disables a certain amount of ascorbic acid. The same is true of elemental chlorine. Do not use chlorinated water to mix ascorbate developers. In this case one molecule of chlorine and one of ascorbic acid combine to form two molecules of hydrochloric acid and one of dehydroascorbic acid. These reactions will occur even in acidic solutions, and sodium sulfite is little or no protection for the ascorbate, because the ascorbate is a more powerful antioxidant than the sulfite. It protects the sulfite.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="The general tendency of ascorbate developers is to become more acidic as a result of normal use, chlorination or aerial oxidation. Oxygen reduces pH less than chlorine and fluorine. Oxygen produces only water and dehydroascorbic acid, while the halogens produce the corresponding acid as well as the dehydroascorbic acid." newtip="抗坏血酸显影剂的一般趋势是由于正常使用、氯化或空中氧化而变得更酸。氧对pH的降低小于氯和氟。氧气只产生水和脱氢抗坏血酸,而卤素产生相应的酸和脱氢抗坏血酸。">The general tendency of ascorbate developers is to become more acidic as a result of normal use, chlorination or aerial oxidation. Oxygen reduces pH less than chlorine and fluorine. Oxygen produces only water and dehydroascorbic acid, while the halogens produce the corresponding acid as well as the dehydroascorbic acid.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="This reduction of pH reduces activity. The good news is that pH is measurable and correctable, while loss of ascorbic acid is not easily detectable except by ruining some film." newtip="这种pH值的降低降低了活性。好消息是,pH是可测量的和可校正的,而抗坏血酸的损失是不易检测的,除非破坏一些薄膜。">This reduction of pH reduces activity. The good news is that pH is measurable and correctable, while loss of ascorbic acid is not easily detectable except by ruining some film.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="In a split stock formulation where phenidone and ascorbic acid are kept in one of the solutions the aerial oxidation of this solution can still take place, but the change in pH of this solution due to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid will be small, especially if chlorinated and fluorinated water are avoided. In this case, when there is a considerable excess of ascorbic acid above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone in solution, the amount of the alkaline activator solution required to give a certain pH in the working solution will not be appreciably different whether it is neutralizing ascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. Until the ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone goes below 40 to 1, there should be no noticeable change of initial activity of the working solution." newtip="在将菲酮和抗坏血酸保存在其中一种溶液中的分裂原料配方中,该溶液仍可进行空中氧化,但该溶液因形成脱氢抗坏血酸而引起的pH变化很小,特别是在避免氯化和氟化水的情况下。在这种情况下,当抗坏血酸大量过剩时,无论是中和抗坏血酸还是去氢抗坏血酸,在溶液中产生一定pH所需的碱性激活剂溶液的数量都不会有明显的不同。在抗坏血酸与菲那酮的比值低于40:1之前,工作液的初始活性不应发生明显的变化。">In a split stock formulation where phenidone and ascorbic acid are kept in one of the solutions the aerial oxidation of this solution can still take place, but the change in pH of this solution due to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid will be small, especially if chlorinated and fluorinated water are avoided. In this case, when there is a considerable excess of ascorbic acid above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone in solution, the amount of the alkaline activator solution required to give a certain pH in the working solution will not be appreciably different whether it is neutralizing ascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. Until the ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone goes below 40 to 1, there should be no noticeable change of initial activity of the working solution.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><br><font size="+1">Conclusions</font></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="Phenidone is often described as the primary agent in developers like the one tested here. The secondary agent is said to regenerate oxidized phenidone to its original state. In fact, the ascorbic acid is a scavenger of anything that might be, at least in old-fashioned terms, a free radical. Oxygen in water solution is such, as is chlorine used as disinfectant. Halogen atoms set free from silver halides by photolysis or by phenidone are taken by ascorbate and converted to hydrobromic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Phenidone is not lost in this process, but ascorbate is. The experiments presented here have shown that adding ascorbate to a phenidone-ascorbate developer above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone content will cause little change in developer activity. The excess serves as a preservative and as a reserve." newtip="菲尼酮经常被描述为开发人员中的主要代理,就像这里测试的那样。二次剂据说是将氧化的苯醌再生到原来的状态。事实上,抗坏血酸是任何可能是自由基的清除剂,至少在旧式的术语中是如此。水溶液中的氧气是这样的,氯作为消毒剂也是如此。卤素原子通过光解或菲那酮从卤化银中释放,被抗坏血酸吸收,转化为氢溴酸和去氢抗坏血酸。非尼酮在这个过程中不是消失的,而是抗坏血酸的。这里提出的实验表明,将抗坏血酸添加到菲那酮-抗坏血酸显色剂的含量超过菲那酮所能激活的量,将不会引起显影剂活动的变化。多余的部分用作防腐剂和储备。">Phenidone is often described as the primary agent in developers like the one tested here. The secondary agent is said to regenerate oxidized phenidone to its original state. In fact, the ascorbic acid is a scavenger of anything that might be, at least in old-fashioned terms, a free radical. Oxygen in water solution is such, as is chlorine used as disinfectant. Halogen atoms set free from silver halides by photolysis or by phenidone are taken by ascorbate and converted to hydrobromic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Phenidone is not lost in this process, but ascorbate is. The experiments presented here have shown that adding ascorbate to a phenidone-ascorbate developer above the amount that can be activated by the phenidone content will cause little change in developer activity. The excess serves as a preservative and as a reserve.</trans></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium;"><trans oldtip="A split stock formula in pure water containing only phenidone and ascorbic acid, with the initial ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone at 80:1 or higher, should have a long storage life and constant activity. The ratio of alkaline activator solution to developing agent solution required for a given initial activity of working solution should remain constant for the life of the solutions." newtip="在纯水中,当抗坏血酸与抗坏血酸的初始比为80:1或更高时,在纯净水中分离出的原料配方应具有较长的贮存寿命和较高的活性。碱性激活剂溶液与显影剂溶液的比例在溶液的使用寿命内应保持不变。">A split stock formula in pure water containing only phenidone and ascorbic acid, with the initial ratio of ascorbic acid to phenidone at 80:1 or higher, should have a long storage life and constant activity. The ratio of alkaline activator solution to developing agent solution required for a given initial activity of working solution should remain constant for the life of the solutions.</trans></p></div>
图灵ART c.n.dby@163.com http://blog.sina.com.cn/artzoom
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发表于 2020-1-11 09:27 | 只看该作者
本帖最后由 cndby 于 2020-1-11 09:42 编辑 <br /><br /><font size="6" face="黑体">焦酚党显影液</font><p></p><div><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><font size="4">关于PMK
PMK是一种古老的通用显影剂,广泛适用于传统胶片和现代胶片。
P:Pyro 没食子酸也称连苯三酚,邻苯三酚。C6H3(OH)3
M:Metol米吐尔
K:Kodalk柯达克尔,偏硼酸钠。
这是PMK显影液的主要组成部分。
PMK显影液具有以下特征:1:Sharpness:有非常好的锐利度。
              2:Edge effect:优秀的边缘锐度。
            3:Film speed: 有效的胶片感光度。
              4:Zone System :易于使用区域系统。
            5:High Light: 具有迷人的高光。

PMK显影液由A,B两种液体组成具体成分如下:
A储存液    
     
Distilled Water  75°F 蒸馏水         400 ml
Metol 米吐尔                                    5.0 g
Sodium Bisulfite 亚硫酸氢钠              10.0 g
Pyrogallol 连苯三酚                            50.0 g
Distilled water to make 加蒸馏水至    500 ml
     
     
B储存液    
     
Distilled Water 75°F 蒸馏水            700 ml
Sodium Metaborate 偏硼酸钠          300 g
Distilled water to Make 加蒸馏水至 1000 ml</font></span></div><div><font size="4"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></span></font></div><div><font size="4"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">上面的配方只是PMK多种变种配方中的一种。它在使用中有一些需要注意的事项:

1/ 工作液的配制:A:B:蒸馏水,1:2:100既一份A液,二份B液加100份水。

显影时间表
依尔福胶片
Film Time 70° F Time 80° F
Ilford FP4 Plus(EI 80-100) 10 minutes  
Ilford HP5 Plus (EI 320-400) 13 minutes 8 minutes
Ilford Pan F Plus (EI 32)   9 minutes  
Ilford Delta 100 (EI 80) 11 minutes  
Ilford Delta 400 (EI 260-320) 12 minutes  


柯达胶片
Film Time at 70° F Time at 80° F
Kodak Tri-X (EI 260) 14 minutes  
Kodak T-Max 100 (EI 80-100) 12 minutes 9 minutes
Kodak T-Max 400 (EI400) 15 minutes  


 
爱克发胶片
Film Time at 70° F
Agfapan 25 (EI 16) 11 Minutes
Agfapan 100 (EI 80) 13 Minutes
Agfapan 400 (EI 200) 16 Minutes


 
2/  PMK显影液是一种在混合后及易氧化的显影液,所以在水浴将结束时才能将A,B,和蒸馏水混合。PMK显影液是一次性使用形显影液,不可重复使用。在浓缩状态下A,B分别储存可储存很长时间。
3/  PMK的冲洗方法与我们传统的显影液有一点不同它需要一个AFTER BATH 后浴,
在显影结束后不要将显影液倒掉存起来,在定影结束后再将用过的显影液倒回显影罐,后浴两分钟。主要是染色作用。
4/  PMK显影液只可使用无酸非坚膜定影TF-3或TF-4。
5/  PMK对现代胶片如T-MAX100,400非常敏感,在显影过程中一定要控制好温度和时间,PMK显影液显影时间大部分是华氏70度。
6/  在配制PMK时一定要用蒸馏水,否则B中的偏硼酸钠会和水中的钙,镁离子反应形成沉淀。
7/  以上配方只适用于手工显影罐冲洗,不适用使用连续搅动机器冲洗。使用JOBO冲机有专用PMK冲洗药水配方。
 
PMK胶片显影液冲卷步骤:
1/  水浴                       5分
2/  显影                     见显影时间表
3/  停显(清水)                  1分
4/  定影(无酸)                   5分
5/  后浴(用过的显影)               2分
6/  水洗(流动清水)                20分
7/  稳定                      1分
8/  烘干
 
PMK专用TF-3无酸定影配方
 
硫代硫酸铵(57%--60%)溶液              800毫升
无水亚硫酸钠                      60克
偏硼酸钠                         5克
加水至                                  1000毫升
使用时按1:4稀释使用。

无味定影液
海波 250克
无水亚硫酸钠 10克
亚硫酸氢钠 25克
加水至 1000毫升


--------------------------------------------------------------------


ABC焦培酚显影液

此配方为类似Kodak D-1以及Ansco 45的传统焦培酚配方,ABC Pyro配方为大幅胶片设计,产生正常及低反差底片,颗粒度低,锐度高。底片层次过度优美,但是降低了1/2档的胶片速度。

此显影液需要无酸定影,如TF-4快速定影液或者F24配方定影液,酸性定影液会漂白焦培酚着色。
套药由三种储藏液组成,混合稀释成为工作液,1升套药产生10升工作液,保存期为6个月,工作液一次性使用,用完丢弃。

套药化学成份
药品名称 1/2 升 1 升
亚硫酸氢钠 5 克 10 克
焦培酚 30 克 60 克
溴化钾 0.6 克 1.2 克
无水亚硫酸钠 52.5 克 105 克
无水碳酸钠 42.5 克 85 克

药品安全:
所以药品均危险,必须妥善处理。请阅读警告,并格外小心处理其中一样药品:焦培酚。
焦培酚是一种石碳酸,有可能造成化学烧伤。安全起见,请操作时戴橡皮手套,使用大量水肥皂水保持工作区域清洁。如果焦培酚(固态或溶液)接触皮肤,使用肥皂水洗。清度接触不造成烧伤,深度接触产生化学烧伤,类似于烫伤。焦培酚有毒,使用固态物质时不要吸入其粉尘。

配制储藏液:
准备3个储藏瓶,一个为棕色,500毫升或1升视情况而定,配制溶液时需要一个混合容器和一个量筒或其它量具。
混合任何干粉时,我们都建议使用防尘面具,防护眼镜,橡皮手套以及橡皮围裙。

A储藏液

药品名称 1/2 升 1 升
蒸馏水 (48° C/120° F) 375 毫升 750 毫升
亚硫酸氢钠 5 克 10 克
焦培酚 30 克 60 克
溴化钾 0.6 克 1.2 克
加蒸馏水至 500 毫升 1000 毫升

在混合容器中倒入温水,加入亚硫酸氢钠,搅拌至溶解,按照顺序加入搅拌溶解药剂。加水至规定容积,搅拌最终溶液保证完全混合,导入溶液至棕色玻璃瓶。一定要对混合容器进行仔细清洗。

B储藏液

药品名称 1/2 升 1 升
蒸馏水 (20° C/68° F) 375 毫升 750 毫升
无水亚硫酸钠 52.5 克 105 克
加蒸馏水至 500 毫升 1000 毫升

在混合容器中注入水,加入无水亚硫酸钠搅拌至溶解,按容量加入水至50毫升或100毫升。搅拌最终溶液保证充分混合,导入储藏容器。

C储藏液

药品名称 1/2 升 1 升
蒸馏水 (20° C/ 68° F) 375 毫升 750 毫升
无水碳酸钠 42.5 克 85 克
加蒸馏水至 500 毫升 1000 毫升

与A储藏液通用方式。


配制工作液:

标准稀释:

药品名称 含量
A储藏液 1 15 毫升 30 毫升
B储藏液 1 15 毫升 30 毫升
C储藏液 1 15 毫升 30 毫升
蒸馏水 30 455 毫升 910 毫升
最终需要容量: 500 毫升 1000 毫升

韦斯顿稀释:

药品名称 含量
A储藏液 3 45 毫升 90 毫升
B储藏液 1 15 毫升 30 毫升
C储藏液 1 15 毫升 30 毫升
蒸馏水 30 450 毫升 900 毫升
最终需要容量: 525 毫升 1050 毫升

使用:
以下显影时间仅作为参考值,实际时间根据搅动和反差需求而确定。特殊说明:焦培酚对不同类型胶片产生不同结果,必须仔细测试。

标准稀释:6-8分钟20° C/68° F 盆显持续温柔搅动。
韦斯顿稀释:18-20分钟21° C/70° F 盆显持续温柔搅动。

使用通常的步骤进行冲洗:显影,停影,定影,水洗,清洗,水洗。




---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

一点英文资料 (都说PMK是给大画幅印古典工艺用的,但也有人用它在卷片上 甚至135)

I primarily do large format black and white photography. For many years I did not use black and white film in roll film cameras because I could not obtain the sharp image and tonal qualities that I was use to in large format. That has changed. I was originally drawn to PMK for its use with large format but for me its qualities in roll film development impressed me most. For me, PMK is the only developer that I will use for 35mm and 120 black and white. With the proper presentation, I can hang 35mm images along side an image made from a 4x5 and feel very happy with the smaller format image. Once you are proficient in film developing, I recommend that you give PMK a try.
Developing roll film in PMK developer is essentially the same as developing in a conventional developer. One difference is that agitation must be increased. I use one inversion every 15 seconds after the initial 30 second agitation. When agitating, I also rotate the film tank about one third with every agitation. This helps to make the agitation more random.

Acidic stop bath is not recommended for PMK. I tends to reduce the staining effect so water works just fine. Photographers Formulary TF-4 is my choice of fixer for all black and white films, I originally used it because TF-4 was the recommended fixer for PMK. I found that I liked the way that it fixed T-Max films and now use it for all film developing. A rapid fixer without hardener would also be acceptable for film developed in PMK.

After fixing the film, it is recommended that you give the film another bath in the used developer. This called the "after bath". I prefer to use a dilute sodium metaborate bath instead of the used developer. The film seems to come out cleaner using this method, this bath is suppose to help increase the staining properties. When the "after bath" is complete the film goes directly to the film washer, no hypo clearing agent is required. A 20 to 30 minute wash is suggested, the longer wash is also suppose to increase the film stain. Photo-flo as usual and hang to dry.



一个链接</span><a href="http://www.jackspcs.com/pmk.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(102, 102, 153); text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.jackspcs.com/pmk.htm</a><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Pyrocat-HD

         Stock Solution A

           Distilled Water                            750 ml

Sodium Metabisulfite (焦亚硫酸钠)     10 g

Pyrocatechin (邻苯二酚)(焦性儿茶酚)  50 g

Phenidone (菲尼酮)                           2 g*

Potassium Bromide (溴化钾)              1 g

Distilled water to make                      1000 ml

Stock Solution B

Distilled Water                                         700 ml

Potassium Carbonate (无水碳酸钠)         750 g

Distilled water to make                            1000 ml

To make a standard working solution mix 1 part A with 1 part B
with 100 parts water.

* Or substitute 25 grams of metol (with a slight loss in film speed).

还有资料是 A 液里 的 水 用 丙二醇 (propylene glycol) 代替

-----------------------------------------------------------------
焦酚510 配方


*抗坏血酸5克
*邻苯三酚10克
*菲尼酮0.25克
*三乙醇胺100毫升

另一个
510-PYRO
TEA 75 ml
Ascorbic acid 5 g
Pyrogallol 10 g
Phenidone 0.25 g
TEA to make 100 ml

Dilution: 1+100

Starting point development time: 5-7 mins.

`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

注意 邻苯三酚中国叫 焦性没食子酸 有毒 配药的时候一定避免吸入药粉,带好口罩, 工作液尽量别粘到皮肤,废药一定处理好.


An Introduction to Pyro Staining Developers, With Special Attention to the Pyrocat-HD Formula by Sandy King 一个介绍 焦酚显影液 的 网页 还有 Pyrocat-HD 配方 (使用菲尼酮的 一种 焦酚药配方)</span><a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/PCat/pcat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(102, 102, 153); text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/PCat/pcat.html</a></font></div><div><br></div>
图灵ART c.n.dby@163.com http://blog.sina.com.cn/artzoom
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发表于 2020-1-11 09:36 | 只看该作者
<font size="4" color="#ff0000">这里感谢大镜阁侯建华老师翻译的<span style="font-family: 华文仿宋; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">Sandy King的文章</span></font><div><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Sandy King博士是美国著名摄影师、教授。长期致力摄影研究与教学活动。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2006年从Clemson University退休。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quotingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">二十多年来,他投入了大量的时间用于研究碳转印工艺。其作品得到广泛展出,并在《摄影》、《银像》、《摄影》等杂志上发表。并在网络发表了关于替代性工艺的文章,包括关于碳转移、铁银和范戴克。同时还出版了一本关于碳印刷的专著《Contemporary Procedures for Pigment Printmaking》。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">其间,他对染色型显影也颇有研究,并开发了Pyrocat-HDivaqc型显影剂。本文就是笔者根据难能可桑迪肯博士的文章翻译而来。由于笔者水平所限,不尽完美,在此推出以供大家参考。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quotingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">YRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">染色型显影剂介绍</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">yrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是几个Pyro染色显影剂之一,包括ABC Pyro、Rollo Pyro、PMK和WD2D+。Pyro显影剂的使用似乎是一个驱使摄影师进入相反阵营的主题。一方面,用户发现这些显影配方具有各种各样的非凡、甚至神奇的品质,他们吹嘘这些优势,如比传统显影液更强的边缘效果、增加高亮细节的分离、更好的暗部层次、更高的图像分辨率和更精细的细节。其他人坚持认为传统的显影能够得到类似的结果。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">在本文中,我将回顾Pyro显影的应用历史,比较目前常用的几个Pyro显影剂,并提供关于混合和使用Pyrocat-HD配方的详细说明,在我看来,这是所有染色显影中最干净、最一致的。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">YRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">染色型显影剂的历史</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">所有现代染色显影剂都以焦酚或焦儿茶酚(邻苯二酚)为主要还原剂。焦酚作为银盐胶片显影剂的使用时间比其他任何有机显影剂都长。1851年由Regnault引进,同年由Frederick Scott Archer首次用于摄影,以显影他的新发明——火棉胶湿版摄影术。它远在19世纪成为最受欢迎的显影剂,并且是美国西部所有主要的湿版摄影师使用的显影剂,包括William Henry Jackson、T. H. O’Sullivan和Carlton E. Watkins,他们都是感光版尺寸从11x14到18x22英寸。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">邻苯二酚,也叫焦儿茶酚,有时也叫儿茶酚,于1880年引入,但在美国没有像焦酚那样广泛使用,尽管它被认为更稳定可靠。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">大约1910年后,焦酚不再流行,并被其他发展中的物质所取代。焦酚被广泛认为是一种显影剂,它能“比其他显影剂更干净、更明确地分离色调”,同时被认为是所有显影剂中最灵活的一种,能够在浓溶液中产生强烈的反差,在稀溶液中产生柔软、微妙的结果。然而,<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">焦酚具有许多负面特征,导致其流行度下降。它只在酸性溶液中稳定,当与具有高亚硫酸盐或高碳酸盐的配方混合时,会迅速劣化。在所有的配方中,工作溶液容易氧化,其使用寿命短,这是由于空气氧化而导致的高染色性的特征。更重要的是,受搅拌方式和强度、显影剂中保护剂的量以及显影剂用量与给胶片表面积成比例的影响,染色图像的强度可能难以控制。最后,当Pyro是配方中唯一的显影物质时,存在相当大的胶片感光度的损失。</span>在胶片显影的科学性远不如今天的那个时代,要控制所有这些因素,并取得一致的结果,即使不是不可能,也是困难的。非染色配方的使用解决了不一致染色带来的一些问题,但失去了染色体,失去了Pyro显影独特的印相特征。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">染色显影剂在当代的应用</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">几十年来,Pyro的使用主要是以<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">ABC Pyro</span>经典配方进行的。ABC配方被许多西海岸摄影师使用,包括Edward Weston和Morley Baer,今天仍然由Michael Smith推广用于与AZO的接触印相。据说这是所有Pyro配方中最困难和最易变的,但是能够得到极好的结果,“在影调和微妙的高光层次方面,甚至比大多数其它Pyro配方都好。”</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">John Wimberley</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">WD2D</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">配方是</span>第一个为现代胶片配制的Pyro显影剂,于1977年在Peterson's Photographic中引入。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Wimberley</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的配方,将Metol与焦酚结合使用,不会造成胶片速度的损失,而且与ABC Pyro等较老的配方相比,胶片颗粒明显减少。</span>今天,它仍然被许多摄影师使用,并且可以通过“摄影师配方” 修订版本中获得WD2D+的配方。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">目前对Pyro显影剂的使用很感兴趣主要是由Gordon Hutchings开发的<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">MK</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">配方</span>,它在1991年9月/10月在View Camera的一篇文章中首次向公众介绍,并在1991年底首次出版的《Pyro》一书中得到推广。Hutchings将PMK描述为在各种条件下适用现代胶片感光乳剂的通用显影剂,使用方便,并且设计用于实现最大密度图像染色和最小密度的总体染色。在PMK显影过程中,负片中<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">银被还原的区域产生黄绿色的图像染色,并且这种染色与银的量成比例:在银密度低的阴影区域最低,在银密度高的亮部区域最大。由于曝光将染色视为增加的印相密度,因此底片的总密度等于银和染色的组合密度。结果是,这种染色通过在银颗粒之间填充来掩盖胶片颗粒,从而在最终印相中既提高了锐度,又改善了影调。</span>这种效果可以在所有尺寸的底片上看到,但在35mm和其他规格的胶卷中效果尤其明显。Steve Simmons将这种效果描述如下:“换句话说,没有像雾一样的总体染色,而是像额外密度一样的染色,并且随着灰阶的增加,这种染色会增加。因此,胶片的高光的银密度比常规显影剂更薄,产生高光色调所需的额外密度由染色产生。这些底片上的“更薄”的高光密度可以在照片上产生非常清晰的精细的高光,而不像非Pyro胶片显影剂所能产生的任何色调。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">近年来,又引入了三个染色型显影剂配方:Rollo Pyro/ABC+、Diaxactol和Pyrocat-HD。Rollo Pyro于1997年由Harald Leban作为ABC+推出,但是今天由Photographer’s Formulary以Rollo Pyro命名推出。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Rollo Pyro</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是一个精力非常充沛的显影剂,它将显影时间减少到PMK所需的显影时间的大约一半。它在旋转加工中工作良好,产生低的总体染色,同时产生类似于PMK的胶片速度。</span></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Diaxactol</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是Barry Thornton开发的基于焦儿茶酚的显影剂,由Photographer's Formulary作为专有配方销售。它主要用作两组液体组成。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">yrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是作者本人开发的,在1999年《Post-Factory Photography》发表的一篇文章中介绍了它。自2000年以来,在线杂志《Unblinking Eye》中已经提供了一个修订的配方,还可以从美国的Photographer's Formulary和欧洲的Lotus Camera获得显影剂套药。Pyrocat-HD,类似于Diaxactol,是基于焦儿茶酚,但也包含少量的菲尼酮,这是强烈的超级添加剂。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">染色型显影剂的优点:一些假设和事实</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">染色显影剂的支持者提出的主张基于实证研究和理论结论。其中最重要的是:</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">由于图像染色的程度与银的密度成正比,因此该染色掩盖了银颗粒,从而改善图像色调并减少颗粒效果,在高光部分尤其明显。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">由于Pyro比其他显影剂具有更明显的边缘效应,因此提升了高光的层次、清晰度和锐度。这是因为在显影过程中卤化银的迁移非常少,导致更精确的还原,从而提高了锐度,并且因为在显影过程中Pyro使明胶变硬,从而降低了辐射(在胶片乳液中散射光)和传染性显影(扩散)的影响。银的发展超越了精确的图像边界。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">当使用可变反差相纸进行印放时,总是与银密度成正比的Pyro染色用作连续的可变色罩,从而降代反差,特别是在高光部分。这允许在不压缩或阻塞高光的情况下印出暗部和中间色调,减少加光和阻挡所花费的时间。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">yro</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">染色显影剂对于想要制作两用底片的摄影师来说是理想的,也就是说,底片既能用于银盐相纸印放,又能用铂或钯等其他替代转印工艺。这对于传统的显影剂是不可能的,因为Pt/Pd需要比银盐相纸密度范围大得多的底片。然而,染色底片实质上具有两个印刷密度范围,一个用于印放银盐相纸所用的蓝光/绿光,另一个用于与替代工艺一起使用的紫外光。当用可变反差的银盐相纸印放时,在高光处最大的染色会压缩影调,并起到连续可变的滤镜的作用,从而可能产生大范围的对比度。另一方面,在替代工艺中,该染色剂充当紫外光的高效光化滤光片,增加曝光时间多达1个曝光单位,并通过在曲线顶部增加约0.30密度或更高密度来提高对比度。结果是,在紫外光下,染色底片将比银具有更高的有效密度范围。这个事实早已为人所知,正如我们在Edward Weston的《日记》中所看到的,他住在墨西哥,在那里他写道,他希望能够用铂金或银盐来印刷他的Pyro底片。Bob Herbst最近在View Camera上的一篇文章为更精确地理解这种现象提供了良好的感光基础。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">YRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">显影剂的负面影响</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">染色显影剂未被摄影界普遍接受,原因有以下几点:1)焦酚是一种毒性很强的化学物质,2)用染色底片进行感光测定比用常规处理的底片更复杂,3)许多摄影师简单地拒绝了Pyro处理的底片与其他处理方法的底片的不同。现在我们将详细研究每一个针对焦酚和焦儿茶酚染色显影的异议。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">毒性</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">焦酚和焦儿茶酚都是毒性很强的化学物质。然而,摄影师面临的<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">主要危险是皮肤吸收和吸入干粉</span>,这两者很容易避免。在冲洗显影盘中的胶片页片时,总是使用橡胶手套,或者到户外去,或者使用通风罩将邻苯三酚或邻苯二酚混合到溶液中。通过遵循这些简单的程序,并运用常识,与使用这些化学品来显影相关的潜在健康风险实际上被消除了。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">显色剂与感光度</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">由银密度加染色剂组成的染色底片的透射密度比常规显影的底片解释起来更复杂。从视觉上看,Pyro底片可能看起来有些扁平,但是观看是有欺骗性的,因为Pyro染色使底片的有效印刷密度范围增加了0.30到0.50。不幸的是,这种染色不能用只测量白光的密度计来读取。为了精确测量染色密度,如果用银盐相纸印相,则需要设置到蓝色通道的彩色密度计,如果用任何替代工艺印相,则需要用能够读取UV密度的密度计。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一些黑白密度计在装有适当的蓝紫吸收滤光片如肖特BG-28或47或47B时,</span>可以读取用于银盐印相的染色密度。在使用带有染色底片的密度计用于银明胶纸印刷时,必须记住,通过蓝色通道的读取只是与底片的有效印相密度的近似值。这是因为,虽然银盐明胶相纸主要对蓝光敏感,但是对紫外光、紫光和绿光也具有相当大的灵敏度,这是密度计不能测量的,而密度计只能读出很窄的蓝光带。除了高反差的蓝色感光乳胶层外,可变反差的纸张还具有低反差的绿色感光层,因此问题更加尖锐。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br clear="ALL" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">使用替代工艺情况要好得多,这些工艺在紫外光范围内具有大多数灵敏度。在实践中发现,在UV模式下的密度计读数将提供一个非常准确的指示器来指示染色底片的实际印刷密度,而不管染色的特定颜色。</span></font></p></div><div><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="font-size: medium; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">
</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Figure 1. A JandC 200 negative developed in Pyrocat 2:2:100</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">图1显示了关于Pyro染色阴性的一些重要内容。这三个曲线都来自同一张底片。首先,注意三条曲线之间的对比。黑色曲线基于视觉(白光)通道中的密度计读数,因此只代表银的密度。红色曲线是根据蓝色通道读取银加染色的密度,就象银盐相纸所接受的那样。绿色曲线是基于紫外读数,总密度是银加染色,正如UV工艺所见。注意染色如何与银的密度成正比,在阴影区域最少,在高光部分最大。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">YRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">底片真的与其他的底片不同吗?</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">许多摄影师认为Pyro显影剂的拥护者所引用的优点(边缘效果、内部锐度、增强的高光分离)是主观的和未经证实的,并且认为如果染色底片的曲线看起来与传统显影的底片非常相似,那么印相结果就不会不同。在这个问题上,专家们完全不同意。Phil Davis,许多关于摄影技术方面的书籍和文章的作者,在View Camera的采访中Steve Simmons时问道,“如果可能的话,你能否说,用非PMK显影剂和PMK显影剂显影相同的胶卷,创造出对眼睛来说是一样的照片吗?Davis回答说:“为了尽可能客观地回答你的问题,我会说,如果在同一胶卷上产生出PMK和其他显影剂相同的胶卷曲线,如果两张照片在两个或更多的密度级别上匹配,以及如果测试是在完全“盲目的”条件下由一组无偏见的观众进行的,我怀疑照片会被判断为无法区分。“在回答同样的问题时,开发并推广PMK配方的Gordon Hutchings不同意Davis的看法,他说:“两张非Pyro和Pyro底片在照片中看起来伽玛值会相同吗?绝对不是。如果显影剂之间没有差别,我们只需要一个就够了。”</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">由Pyro底片制成的照片是否与其他底片制成的照片不同?我相信大多数Pyro用户都会对这个问题作出肯定的回答。显然,由于某些原因,无论是边缘效应,影调分离,提高内部清晰度,或者简单地说“Pyro的奥秘”,许多摄影师的经验和观察表明,Pyro底片的印相质量有些独特和有趣。在我自己的工作中,我发现Pyro显影是一个非常有用的工具。然而,我警告说,使用Pyro显影与草率的技术不兼容,而且那些天生就粗心大意地呆在暗房里,对精致的技术不重视的摄影师不应该考虑使用Pyro。然而,那些细心而熟练地接近使用Pyro并且能够精炼他们的技术以标准化操作程序的人,可以期望获得连贯和可重复的结果,这提供了极大地扩展他们工作的表达质量的可能性。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 21px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1998</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">年初春,我开始对寻找一种染色显影剂感兴趣,这种显影剂可以在各种环境中很好地工作:如Jobo、印相鼓或BTZS管中进行旋转加工;在间歇搅拌的洗相盘中;以及在具有最小搅拌或静止搅拌的显影罐中。我用<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">邻苯三酚配方进行的实验非常不成功,因为旋转加工经常导致高灰雾和不均匀的染色,</span>而减少搅拌则导致条纹和斑点。然后,我转向焦儿茶酚做实验。正如Anchell和Troop在《Film Developing Cookbook》中观察到的,作为染色的焦酚和焦儿茶酚,还是焦儿茶酚“一般认为更稳定可靠”。此外,焦儿茶酚对空气氧化的敏感性比焦酚低得多。不幸的是,以前使用焦儿茶酚的配方中没有一个像某些基于焦酚配方那样成功。许多人使用氢氧化钠作为促进剂,正如Troop提到的,“对于现代胶卷来说,太碱性,容易产生不必要的雾。”过多的碱性也会导致更明显的颗粒,对于35mm和其他胶卷,这种颗粒尤其不受欢迎。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">经过一年多的试验,我提出了Pyrocat-HD配方,首次发表在《Post-Factory Photography》第四期。后来,我对显影剂做了一些小的修改,从1999年春天开始,这个配方已经在上以它的当前形式提供。Pyrocat-HD目前作为套件在美国由Photographer's Formulary公司销售,在欧洲由Lotus Camera公司销售。该配方经过仔细的平衡,通过适当的搅拌,得到紧密颗粒的高锐度底片,当使用最小量搅动和静止显影,增强边缘效应。Pyrocat-HD对于许多胶片(与PMK和Rollo Pyro相比)也给出轻微的速度增益,特别是对于1:1:100的稀释。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是一种基于焦儿茶酚和菲尼酮的显影剂配方,与基于焦酚的显影剂相比,该显影剂在旋转冲洗的胶片页片方面具有明显的优势,因为它不太可能引起不希望的染色或不均匀显影。许多摄影师也发现Pyrocat-HD在洗相盘中洗冲工作良好,我知道不少人正在通过检查方法进行显影,包括刷子显影。此外,随后用Pyrocat-HD进行的测试和实验表明,由于它具有高的锐度和紧密的晶粒图案,它也是35mm和中画幅胶卷使用的极好显影剂。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">比其他</span>PYRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">显影剂更好吗?</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">我不是一个投机取巧者,我对胶片和显影的哲学是一直以来就坚持那些良好的工作习惯。有几个非常好的染色显影,我已经使用和测试了它们中的大多数。我使用PMK作为我的主要显影剂将近十年,但当我切换到旋转冲洗时,我开始发现有不均匀显影、条纹和过度的总体染色的问题。我已经使用Pyrocat-HD大约五年了,还没有发现这些问题。这个事实,以及我的Pyrocat-HD底片一直以来的高质量,使我确信地证明,Pyrocat-HD是所有染色显影剂中最一致和最无问题的。它具有以下特性。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">非常高的锐度,并具有非常明显的清晰度在印刷的能力。我的测试表明,使用Pyrocat-HD的锐度优于其他高锐度显影剂,如PMK和FX-2。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">非常紧密的晶粒图案,几乎与PMK和FX-2相同,适用于35mm及其他规格卷装胶卷。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">快速。甚至在1:1:100稀释时,Pyrocat-HD比PMK和WD2D都需要更短的显影时间来达到等效CI值。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">非常干净的作用,产生非常低的总体染色水平,即使长时间的显影。这使得它成为一个非常有吸引力的,需要非常高的CI底片替代印相工艺的显影剂。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">非常稳定,不会遭受不均匀的染色或条纹。它可以与旋转冲洗一起使用,完全不用担心不均匀显影、条纹或染色。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">当在罐中处理胶卷时,可以以最小的搅拌量使用,以获得非常明显的边缘效应,从而可以产生非常明显的锐度。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">当底片显影到相同的CI时,在1:1:100稀释度下的Pyrocat-HD比其他Pyro染色显影剂给出稍微更大的有效胶片速度。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">8.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是制做两用底片较好的显影剂,即可用于普通银盐相纸和AZO相纸,也可用于替代印相工艺。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">9.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">当与银盐明胶可变反差相纸印放时,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">渲染上中间调和高光比焦酚为基础的显影剂有更多的对比度。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">10.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">使用Pyrocat-HD非常便宜。当从头开始混合时,比使用基于焦酚的显影剂(如Rollo Pyro、PMK和WD2D)更经济。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">配方</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">将Pyrocat-HD两种原液混合,稀释后制成用于显影的工作溶液。存贮液的保质期非常好。存贮液A可以在部分充满的瓶子中储存长达一年,而存贮液B保持无限期。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" style="margin-bottom: 10px; width: 677px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><tbody style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td colspan="2" height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Pyrocat-HD</font></span></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td colspan="2" height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Stock Solution A</font></span></em></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td width="373" height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Distilled Water</font></span></p></td><td width="181" height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">750 ml</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Sodium Metabisulfite</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">偏亚硫酸钠</span></font></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">10 g</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocatechin</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">邻苯二酚(焦儿茶酚)</span></font></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">50 g</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Phenidone*</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">菲尼酮</span></font></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">2 g</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Potassium Bromide</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">溴化钾</span></font></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">1 g</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Distilled water to make</font></span></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">1000 ml</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td colspan="2" height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Stock Solution B</font></span></em></strong></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Distilled Water</font></span></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">700 ml</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Potassium Carbonate</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">碳酸钾</span></font></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">750 g</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 22px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">Distilled Water to make</font></span></p></td><td height="22" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">1000 ml</font></span></p></td></tr><tr style="max-width: 100%; height: 67px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><td colspan="2" height="67" style="padding: 1px; word-break: break-all; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;">*</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">将1份A与1份B与100份水混合制成标准工作溶液。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">*或可用</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">25克米吐尔</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">替代</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(胶片速度略有损失)</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; line-height: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">*将2.0克菲尼酮与约5ml异丙醇混合,搅拌成均匀的糊状,然后加入原液搅拌至溶解。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: Cambria; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: -webkit-standard, serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">工作液</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">为了显影用于银盐明胶纸印放的底片,推荐的工作溶液是1:1:100稀释。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">对于用AZO和大多数替代工艺,包括碳、铁银、Pt/Pd、范戴克、POP、蛋白和盐纸印刷,推荐使用2:2:100溶液。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">在大多数地方,将工作溶液与自来水混合是安全的。但是,如果您看到任何不寻常的显影伪影,如雪橇,条纹标记,或不均匀的染色,建议使用蒸馏水。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">配方的变化</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在Pyrocat-HD配方中,Metol可以以大约10:1的比例代替Phenidone。这种置换不影响染色强度或锐度,但可能导致胶片的有效速度轻微损失。注意,本文中的显影时间基于Pyrocat-HD的Penidone版本,如果您选择Metol替代,那么这些时间可能需要调整。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在Pyrocat-HD配方中,碳酸钠可以代替碳酸钾。当在工作溶液中以等效化学重量使用时,两种碳酸盐得到的结果几乎相同。然而,碳酸钠比碳酸钾溶解性差得多,所以必须作为弱的浆液混合。为了用碳酸钠制备原液B,向1000ml水中加入200g碳酸钠。为了使银盐印放的工作溶液与使用碳酸钾时的1:1:100稀释度完全相等,混合1:5:94。对于替代工艺印刷,工作溶液应混合2:10:92,以便与碳酸钾的2:2:100稀释度完全匹配。对于所有实际用途,您可以只在1:5:100或2:10:100将工作溶液与碳酸钠混合,并根据需要对显影时间进行小调整。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">有些人正在用10%氢氧化钠的B溶液代替碳酸盐。这看起来工作得很好,但是增加的碱度可能会给一些胶片带来稍微增加的晶粒,所以在进行这种替换之前要仔细测试。用10%氢氧化钠作原料B稀释1份原料A+1.5份原料B+100份水。这种工作溶液将得到与常规2:2:100碳酸钾稀释相似的结果。然而,由于增加晶粒尺寸的可能性,<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">我只建议用氢氧化钠代替显影用于接触印相的底片。</span></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">一般显影程序</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">浸泡五分钟。预湿对洗相洗相盘和显影罐显影是可选的(除了最小和静止显影),但它对旋转冲洗是绝对必要的。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">根据以下说明在管、鼓、洗相盘或显影罐中显影所需的时间。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">停止浴。我建议使用大约1/4到1/2正常强度的稀醋酸浴。如果停止浴太强,它会减少图像染色。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">建议使用碱性定影剂。柯达和伊尔福的快速定影工作良好,配方是TF-4。我使用Anchell和Troop的《The Film Developing Cookbook》中描述的TF-3配方。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用海波清洗剂清洗一分钟。我使用的是<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">亚硫酸钠的1%溶液</span>,但是任何商业产品都有同样的用途。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">水洗30分钟<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">按照Hutchings对PMK的建议,定影后不要使用碱性水浴。我的测试表明,这个浴后添加的染色主要是b+f(片基加雾)或总体染色。总体染色会增加印相时间,对提高底片的印刷质量没有任何作用。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">具有多种显影方法,显影效果显著。在此提供了各种方法的一些具体操作过程。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">页片盘显</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">由于其对空气的高度抗氧化性,Pyrocat-HD是一种优秀的盘显显影剂。在洗相盘中冲洗的底片,即使冲洗时间很长,也只有很少的染色。这是因为,与焦酚显影剂不同,Pyrocat-HD对空气氧化不是很敏感,空气氧化被认为是总体染色的主要原因。为了避免刮伤的可能性,我建议每个洗相只冲洗一张胶片,但具有“洗牌”冲洗程序经验的人应该可以这样冲洗。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">为了进行均匀显影,使用比正在显影的胶片大至少一个规格的洗相盘:5x7底片用8X10洗相盘,8x10底片用11x14洗相盘,等等。这将减少由于搅动时显影剂从洗相盘边缘回流时速度增加而导致的局部边缘不均匀显影的可能性。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在洗相盘显影时一定要戴防护手套,以避免皮肤接触。虽然使用焦儿茶酚没有焦酚的长期健康问题,但是由于焦儿茶酚也是一种有毒的化学物质,因此应该用同样的护理水平来工作。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">也可以在显影中途检查显影效果。和其他Pyro显影一样,这种染色也能使胶片对安全灯不敏感。在Michael Smith和PauaChamlee的网站上的AZO论坛上,关于Pyrocat-HD在这种类型的应用程序中的使用,已经有相当多的讨论。从这个站点的讨论中得出的结论之一是,当检查Pyrocat-HD的显影效果时,使用琥珀色安全灯比使用绿色安全灯更容易看到显影的程度。这是因为Pyrocat-HD的棕色染色阻挡了绿光,使得在使用绿色安全灯时难以通过透射光来评价底片。然而,如果你用反射光来评估底片密度,绿色或琥珀色滤光片都可以。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">另一种已成功用于Pyrocat-HD的显影方法是刷子显影,并使用暗绿色或琥珀色的安全灯进行检查。Jorge Gasteazoro,来自墨西哥的铂色印相工艺制作者,使用这种显影方法,提供了以下操作方法:</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">把胶卷预浸一分钟。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">将显影剂倒在胶片上,然后立即开始用广角哈克刷或其他类型的细刷子刷。用轻笔从上到下刷,然后从一边刷到另一边。然后重复这个顺序。为了防止胶卷移动,用手指按住其中一个角落。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">大约在预期显影时间的70%之后,打开安全灯,从洗相盘上提起底片,并通过透射光评估显影程度。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">继续上述步骤,直到底片达到必要的密度,然后转移到停止浴,并继续进行与其他冲洗程序。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">页片和胶卷的旋转显影</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">我开发了Pyrocat-HD配方,主要是为了消除我用其他染色显影剂在使用旋转加工中遇到的问题。所谓旋转加工,是指在Jobo、BTZS型管或在电机底座上使用的印刷滚筒中冲洗胶片。我在洗相盘加工中使用PMK多年,并对结果非常满意。然而,当我切换到旋转加工时,我开始经历许多显影问题,包括高染色、胶片乳剂侧的条纹,以及由于与管表面或肋骨接触而在乳剂基部侧产生的不寻常的压力痕迹。有时,条纹和压痕在通过视觉光看底片时是不可见的,但它们会在以后用紫外光打印时出现。我改用Rollo Pyro,虽然这样减少了高染色,但是它没有解决划痕和压痕的问题。使用Pyrocat-HD在我自己的工作中消除了所有这些问题,我坚信它是迄今为止用于旋转显影方法的最好的Pyro显影剂。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">焦儿茶酚酚的最大优点之一是它在碱性溶液中的氧化速度没有焦酚快。然而,在非常活跃的搅拌下,如在Jobo中以最大速度搅拌时,Pyrocat-HD确实会氧化。由于这个原因,我建议在Jobo冲洗机中显影时,非常慢的旋转来来减少氧化。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">我推荐的旋转加工程序是简单而传统的。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">首先把胶片装入管子或滚筒中。对于某些鼓和管,可能需要将胶片预湿,以确保片基上的防光晕涂层清除。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">把胶卷浸泡五分钟。推荐使用蒸馏水。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">排出预浸水,将显影剂倒入鼓或管中,开始显影。我建议每4X5英寸的胶片(20平方英寸)至少稀释50毫升。这相当于大约90ml的5X7,200ml的8X10,385ml的11X14,300ml的7X17,600ml的12X20,1200ml的20X24。记住,这些是最小数量。用2:2:100稀释,用量可以减少约20%。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">根据您是使用Jobo、BTZS型管还是使用马达底座上的打印鼓,按以下方式调整程序。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Jobo-</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">旋转速度应该处于可用的最慢设置。这是非常重要的,因为快速旋转将导致一般或b+f染色的大幅增加。如果不能减慢旋转速度,还有其他方法可以减少总体染色的数量。碱性Pyrocat-HD显影剂中可能发生的氧化程度由工作溶液中亚硫酸钠防腐剂的量控制。随着大多数形式的显影,Pyrocat-HD几乎不需要亚硫酸盐来防止过度的总体染色,它由A溶液中少量亚硫酸氢钠提供,这起到两个作用:1)亚硫酸氢钠在原液中起保护剂的作用,2)当它与碳酸钾碱混合时形成亚硫酸盐。粗暴的反应.然而,当我们在高转速下进行旋转加工来显影胶片时,亚硫酸盐的量是不够的,可能导致染色。为了防止这种情况,我推荐下列解决方案之一:在配制工作溶液时加入30%以上的原液A,或者(但不是)在每升工作溶液中加入约0.3g/L的亚硫酸钠。这两种溶液具有在工作溶液中增加亚硫酸钠保护剂的量的实际效果,这将减慢氧化速度。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">BTZS</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">型管子-通过允许管子在水浴中随意摆动,每隔几秒钟轻轻地旋转来显影。不要太激动。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">在电机底座上印制滚筒-每分钟左右取出滚筒,使其剧烈的侧向搅拌。这将打破由电机基座的**面旋转产生的任何层流模式,并防止溴化物阻力。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">罐显</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">在没有特殊预防措施的情况下,按照常规程序,Pyrocat-HD可用于在罐内显影35mm、卷片和页片。对于Pyrocat-HD来说,不需要剧烈的搅拌,就像和焦酚的显影一样,而且对于大多数胶卷,可以成功地使用最小的搅拌过程。静止搅拌也可用于一些页片。然而,<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这确定三种方法中的哪一种,需要进行轻微的修改。</span></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">正常搅拌-正常搅拌罐显影被认为是连续搅拌的头60秒的显影,然后每30-60秒搅拌5-10秒。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">使用这种搅拌模式,Pyrocat-HD可以不用修改常规显影的正常程序。</span></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">最小搅拌-最小搅拌包括连续搅拌的头60秒的发展,然后每三分钟搅拌10秒。采用这种方法,强烈建议预先浸泡5分钟,以避免在乳液上形成气泡。最小搅拌有三个理想的结果:1)它通过形成最大邻接效应而给出很大的边缘锐度,2)它提供补偿效应,3)它提供增加的乳化速度。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用最小的搅拌,你应该延长正常显影时间约50%,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">但有价值的负片之前先做实验。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">静止显影——<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是一种高度专业化的显影类型,它结合非常长的显影时间使用非常稀释的显影剂。它的目的是创造极端的边界效应和最大的表面锐度。它还能使乳化速度达到最大值,并提供很大的补偿效果。</span>当它起作用时,结果可能是非凡的,甚至是惊人的。不幸的是,这种显影方法充满了危险,在实践中会发现一些影片,尤其是高速影片,不适合这种类型的显影。并且即使当该程序对于特定的胶卷工作得很好时,由于气泡、溴化物拖曳,常常会有一个或多个画面被破坏,或者许多其他显影工件中的一个,可能对这种显影方法造成麻烦。由于这个原因,有必要彻底测试你的影片,并总是作出两个或两个以上的重要场景备份镜头时,使用静止显影。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在静止显影中你应该预先将胶片浸泡约5分钟,以消除气泡的形成。如果在静止显影期间在胶片上形成气泡,底片将被破坏,因为气泡将阻止在该点显影剂的任何交换,并且效果将是在气泡周围散布直径高达1/4“到3/8”的不规则圆形图案,从而破坏画面或胶片。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">用于静止显影的Pyrocat-HD工作溶液应在大约2:2:400-500混合,即两份A+两份B+400-500份水。在开始显影时,排出预浸水,倒入显影剂中,<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">持续剧烈搅拌60秒。然后,把显影罐放在一边,在开发期的剩余时间里不再搅拌。大多数胶片的显影时间都在45-60分钟范围内</span>。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">和其他</span>PYRO<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">染色型显影剂比较</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在比较Pyrocat-HD染色与其他显影剂染色的效果时,重要的是要区分所使用的各种工艺。正如我们已经观察到的,Pyrocat-HD染色的颜色与其他Pyro染色显影剂的颜色不同。而且,由于不同类型的纸张和工艺对光有不同的光谱响应,因此根据染色的颜色,印刷会有一些差异。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">大多数采用Pyro染色显影剂的人都使用以下工艺之一进行图像制作。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">分级明胶银盐相纸</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可变反差明胶银盐相纸</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">3. AZO</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">需要高紫外光曝光的替代工艺。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">让我们考虑不同染色对这些工艺的影响。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">明胶银盐分级相纸</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">分级银盐相纸由纸或RC基材上的一层乳液组成。分级纸的灵敏度范围从紫外线开始,延伸到紫色、蓝色和略带绿色的可见范围。一般来说,我们在打印时使用UV滤光片来消除方程式中的UV光。分级纸张对蓝光最敏感,一般来说,彩色密度计的蓝色通道将提供纸的实际印刷对比度或曝光刻度的相当准确的指示。从理论上讲,这意味着用分级银盐相纸染色的功能是增强对比度,以便从染色的颜色中得到很少的差别或优势。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">然而,在实践中发现,与其他Pyro染色显影剂的绿色染色相比,Pyrocat-Hd的棕色染色将表现出稍微更多的对比度。这是因为分级纸对绿光有一定的敏感性,而棕色染色比绿色染色能更有效地阻挡绿光。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">可变反差明胶银盐相纸</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可变反差银盐相纸具有两个乳胶层:蓝色高对比度感光层和绿色低对比度感光层。用这些纸,染色的颜色是非常重要的,<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在实践中,当用棕色和绿色的底片印刷时,会得到完全不同的结果。</span></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">当用绿色染色底片印刷VC纸时,会发现绿色染色作为连续可变的对比度过滤器,作为其实际结果,它具有非常好地保持高亮值的能力。滤光片是可变的,因为染色的比例性质,这当然是最大的高光的地方,有很多银的密度。这种硬币的负面之处在于,扩大亮度范围是以这些值中的对比度损失为代价的。换句话说,亮度值越高,在带有绿色阴影的打印曲线中您将看到越多的肩膀,并且这转换为高亮色调中的平滑或对比度损失。在实践中会发现,带有绿色阴影的肩部趋势实际上开始于上部中音,因此人们可以在这些区域以及高亮部分看到一些音调变平。如果你查阅文献,你会发现PMK的主要缺点之一是缺乏中间和高亮区域的分离或对比。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">棕色比绿色能更有效地阻挡绿光,因此,Pyrocat-HD比PMK具有更少的肩部突出部分。其结果是,在VC纸上用Pyrocat-HD底片制作的印刷品与用PMK底片制作的印刷品相比,在亮点处会有更多的对比度,但是补偿效果会降低。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">AZO</font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">AZO</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">纸与普通分级纸相似,因为它对蓝光有很强的敏感性,但不同之处在于它对绿光的敏感性要小得多。AZO比其他的银明胶纸慢得多,必须接触印刷。而且,虽然AZO有两种等级,但即使是最软的等级也有比普通银纸更长的ES(曝光量级)。这意味着,你需要一个底片与许多对比打印与2级AZO纸。用于用2级AZO打印的着色底片应该具有大约log 1.2的视觉密度读数,这将转换为带有蓝色通道读数的大约1.5。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">在实践中会发现棕色的Pyrocat-HD比其他Pyro开发者的绿色染色阻挡更多的蓝色和UV光,这意味着对于给定的视觉密度读数,Pyrocat-HD底片将打印出比PMK或Rollo Pyro具有更多对比度的AZO。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">那么,Pyrocat-HD与ABC Pyro相比,运用AZO工艺哪个效果好?确实非常好,根据最近在Michael和Paua的AZO论坛上的交流,很明显相当多的ABC Pyro用户已经转向Pyrocat-HD。我最近在AZO论坛上对两个显影剂做了一些比较,这里以稍微编辑过的形式重现了。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">ABC PYRO&nbsp;<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">与</span>PYROCAT-HD<span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">比较</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">对于用AZO或铁银、碳例子、铂/钯等替代工艺印刷的底片,应使用2:2:100稀释的Pyrocat-HD。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Cambria; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">ABC Pyro</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在1:1:1:7稀释时使用,比2:2:100稀释的Pyrocat-HD稍微更有活力。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这意味着使用Pyrocat-HD的显影时间将需要比ABC Pyro稍微长一些,可能大约20-25%,</span>以达到相同的CI(对比度指数)。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">ABC Pyro</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">负片和Pyrocat-HD负片的视觉比较会产生误导,因为Pyrocat-HD负片的有效印刷密度中由染色密度组成的百分比要高得多。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">底片比ABC Pyro中显影的底片颗粒更细,这使得它成为更通用的显影剂,因为它也可以与胶卷以及用于投影印刷的胶片一起使用,而不具有ABC Pyro所特有的大颗粒。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">许多人在基于焦酚的显影剂(包括PMK和ABC Pyro)中经历过的不均衡的显影和条纹,用Pyrocat-HD完全消除了。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是一种更好的显影剂,用于为那些对使用普通银盐相纸和AZO(或使用替代工艺,如碳、铂/钯或钾型)感兴趣的人制做两用底片。这是因为与ABC相比,Pyrocat-HD底片在UV光处理和蓝敏光处理的有效印刷密度之间存在更大的差异。这是由于Pyrocat-HD底片的有效印相密度中由棕色染色所占的比例要高得多,棕色染色对UV光起高效过滤器的作用。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;">替代工艺</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Printing with alternative processes such as albumen, carbon, kallitype, platinum/palladium, salted paper, and vandyke is similar to printing with AZO in that these processes require negatives of high DR (density range), ranging from a low of about log 1.4 with platinum to a high of over log 2 .25 with albumen and salted paper. Alternative processes are most sensitive to UV light, and since the stain of Pyro developers functions as a highly actinic filter to UV light it follows that the stain can add a lot of effective printing contrast to a negative. As an actinic filter for UV light the brown stain of Pyrocat-HD is much more efficient than the greenish stain of some of the other staining developers.</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">用诸如白蛋白、碳、铁银、铂/钯、盐渍纸和范戴克等替代工艺进行印刷类似于用AZO进行印刷,因为这些工艺需要高DR(密度范围)的负片,从低的对数约为log1.4的铂到高的约为log2.25蛋白和盐纸工艺。以及其他对紫外光敏感的工艺,并且由于Pyro显影剂的染色对紫外光起高度光化滤光片的作用,因此该染色可以增加许多有效的印刷对比度。作为紫外光的光化滤光片,Pyrocat-HD的棕色染色比其他一些染色显影剂的绿色染色更有效。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">我曾对Ilford FP4+胶片的视觉曲线、蓝色曲线和UV曲线与几个Pyro显影剂进行了比较:</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)Pyrocat-HD,2:2:100,</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)PMK,1:2:100,</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)Rollo Pyro,2:4:100,</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)WD2D,20:20:400和</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">)Pyrocat-HD,1:1:100。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4">对这些曲线的分析揭示了一些有趣的信息。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">由7.0SBR的显影得到的密度范围大约从log 1.2到log 1.3。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">即使对于相对较低的DR为1.2到1.3,PMK和WD2D也需要相当长的显影时间,分别为20分钟和15分钟。这一事实使得这些显影在正常SBR条件下对替代工艺的边际效用很小,而且对于在需要N+显影的场景中暴露的负面因素来说是非常不切实际的。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在FP4+乳液中,1:1:100的Pyrocat-HD产生最高有效胶片速度。当SBR为7时,在显影10分钟时,FP4+的有效膜速为EI 200。所有其他组合在相同的参数下产生最大EI 160。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在2:2:100稀释时Pyrocat-HD和2:4:100稀释时Rollo Pyro在显影6分钟时在紫外光下产生几乎相同的曲线。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="4"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5.&nbsp;</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">Pyrocat-HD</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">底片在UV和Blue读数上比其他显影配方有更大的差异。这是一个有影响的事实,因为它清楚地表明,Pyrocat-HD将比其他任何显影剂更好地显影双用底片。也就是说,用普通的银盐明胶纸(对蓝光最敏感的纸)能印相效果好的Pyrocat-HD底片,也可以用另一种对紫外光敏感的方法印相。相比之下,焦酚显影剂的绿色染色作为光化滤光片对紫外光的效果要差得多,结果是,该染色对具有紫外敏感工艺的底片增加很少的额外有效印刷密度。</span></font></p><p style="font-size: medium; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><img class="" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QkwIoZkJIibessNHAeScVWMmB16MO6w5ic89GPVP1kzXeiaoFZPrfc7Oz0hgrLCe8eumE**hibRUXbZgcibYEKFfKg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropx1="43.7410071942446" data-cropx2="1240.863309352518" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="957.6978417266187" data-ratio="0.7994987468671679" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QkwIoZkJIibessNHAeScVWMmB16MO6w5ic8KNlqlqcyqnPseYTL0dO09a8wewL1tOeKCuPUiahA6lm15FwTDJkeag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1197" _width="520px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QkwIoZkJIibessNHAeScVWMmB16MO6w5ic8KNlqlqcyqnPseYTL0dO09a8wewL1tOeKCuPUiahA6lm15FwTDJkeag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" crossorigin="anonymous" data-fail="0" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; width: 520px !important; visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.853125" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QkwIoZkJIibessNHAeScVWMmB16MO6w5icibrBJOfXWLZLnPy5BljL6jWz3OXbPYe5mjQrk1d0PhHSxm6g9v8CFmw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" _width="677px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QkwIoZkJIibessNHAeScVWMmB16MO6w5icibrBJOfXWLZLnPy5BljL6jWz3OXbPYe5mjQrk1d0PhHSxm6g9v8CFmw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" crossorigin="anonymous" data-fail="0" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; width: 677px !important; visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;">使用Pyrocat-HD 冲洗的底片与扫描文件</span></p><hr style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098); transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 13px; font-family: 华文仿宋; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;">
</p><p style="font-size: 17px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><div style="font-size: 13px;"><br></div></span></div>
图灵ART c.n.dby@163.com http://blog.sina.com.cn/artzoom
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